A 32-year-old man was diagnosed with HIV 4 years prior with initial laboratory studies that showed a CD4 count of 832 cells/mm³ and an undetectable HIV RNA. The HIV RNA level was repeated multiple times over the following 6 months and was consistently undetectable. Based on these findings, he was considered an “elite controller.” During the prior 3 months, the HIV RNA levels remained undetectable, but the CD4 count declined, with a recent CD4 count of 486 cells/mm³. He has never taken antiretroviral therapy.