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2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/primary-care/oral-manifestations 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/key-populations/women-hiv 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing 2023-08-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/key-populations/hiv-older-patients 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/primary-care/immunizations 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy 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https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/key-populations/hiv-2 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/primary-care/substance-use-disorders 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/custom/primary-care/retention-care 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/acetazolamide 2017-03-04 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/acetazolamide 2017-03-04 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/adjuvanted-inactivated-influenza-vaccine 2017-04-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/adjuvanted-inactivated-influenza-vaccine 2017-04-19 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/alendronate 2017-06-21 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/alendronate 2017-06-21 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/amlexanox 2017-04-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/amlexanox 2017-04-08 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/bictegravir-tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/794-1/embiktarvyem-bottle.jpg <em>Biktarvy</em> Bottle https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/bictegravir-tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/bioadherent-oral-rinse-gel 2017-04-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/bioadherent-oral-rinse-gel 2017-04-08 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/cabotegravir 2025-12-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/cabotegravir 2025-12-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/chlorhexidine-gluconate-oral-rinse 2017-04-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/chlorhexidine-gluconate-oral-rinse 2017-04-08 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/dapivirine-ring 2017-07-18 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/dapivirine-ring 2017-07-18 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/darbepoetin 2017-02-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/darbepoetin 2017-02-23 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/darunavir-cobicistat-tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/darunavir-cobicistat-tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/denosumab 2017-06-21 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/denosumab 2017-06-21 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/dolutegravir 2025-02-07 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/dolutegravir 2025-02-07 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/dolutegravir-lamivudine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/dolutegravir-lamivudine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/dolutegravir-rilpivirine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/dolutegravir-rilpivirine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/doravirine 2025-02-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/doravirine 2025-02-08 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/doravirine-tenofovir-df-lamivudine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/doravirine-tenofovir-df-lamivudine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/efavirenz 2025-02-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/efavirenz 2025-02-08 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/efavirenz-tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/efavirenz-tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/efavirenz-tenofovir-df-emtricitabine 2017-02-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/efavirenz-tenofovir-df-emtricitabine 2017-02-15 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/efavirenz-tenofovir-df-lamivudine 2018-11-21 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/efavirenz-tenofovir-df-lamivudine 2018-11-21 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/elvitegravir-cobicistat-tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/elvitegravir-cobicistat-tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/elvitegravir-cobicistat-tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/elvitegravir-cobicistat-tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/elvitegravir-cobicistat-tenofovir-df-emtricitabine 2017-02-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/elvitegravir-cobicistat-tenofovir-df-emtricitabine 2017-02-15 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/epoetin-alfa 2017-02-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/epoetin-alfa 2017-02-23 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/etravirine 2025-02-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/etravirine 2025-02-08 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/filgrastim 2017-02-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/filgrastim 2017-02-23 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/filgrastim-sndz 2017-02-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/filgrastim-sndz 2017-02-23 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/fostemsavir 2025-02-06 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/933-1/fostemsavir-emrukobiaem-tablet.jpg Fostemsavir (<em>Rukobia</em>) Tablet Each tablet is an extended-release formulation that contains 600 mg of fostemsavir (equivalent to 725 mg of fostemsavir tromethamine) http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/932-1/fostemsavir-emrukobiaem.jpg Fostemsavir (<em>Rukobia</em>) https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/fostemsavir 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/high-dose-inactivated-influenza-vaccine 2017-04-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/high-dose-inactivated-influenza-vaccine 2017-04-19 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/ibalizumab 2025-02-06 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/934-1/ibalizumab-emtrogarzoem.jpg Ibalizumab (<em>Trogarzo</em>) https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/ibalizumab 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/indomethacin 2020-10-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/indomethacin 2020-10-14 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/cabotegravir-rilpivirine-long-acting-injectable 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/cabotegravir-rilpivirine-long-acting-injectable 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/insulin-lispro 2017-02-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/insulin-lispro 2017-02-19 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/ivermectin 2017-04-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/ivermectin 2017-04-15 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/lenacapavir 2025-12-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1373-1/lenacapavir-sunlenca-vial.jpg Lenacapavir (Sunlenca) Vial https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/lenacapavir 2025-12-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/mannitol 2017-03-04 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/mannitol 2017-03-04 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/maraviroc 2025-02-07 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/935-1/maraviroc-300-mg-tablet.jpg Maraviroc 300 mg tablet http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/936-1/maraviroc-150-mg-tablet.jpg Maraviroc 150 mg tablet https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/maraviroc 2025-02-07 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/methylergonovine 2017-03-18 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/methylergonovine 2017-03-18 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/oxytocin 2017-03-18 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/oxytocin 2017-03-18 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/permethrin-5-cream 2017-04-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/permethrin-5-cream 2017-04-15 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/raltegravir 2025-02-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/raltegravir 2025-02-08 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/recombinant-influenza-vaccine 2017-04-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/recombinant-influenza-vaccine 2017-04-19 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/rilpivirine 2025-02-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/rilpivirine 2025-02-08 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/rilpivirine-tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/rilpivirine-tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/rilpivirine-tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/rilpivirine-tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate-emtricitabine 2025-02-06 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/rilpivirine-tenofovir-df-emtricitabine 2017-02-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/rilpivirine-tenofovir-df-emtricitabine 2017-02-15 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/risedronate 2017-06-21 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/risedronate 2017-06-21 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/salmeterol 2017-04-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/salmeterol 2017-04-26 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-12-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/tenofovir-alafenamide-emtricitabine 2025-12-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate-emtricitabine 2025-12-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate-emtricitabine 2025-12-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/tenofovir-df-lamivudine 2018-11-21 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/tenofovir-df-lamivudine 2018-11-21 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/triamcinolone-acetonide-01-dental-paste 2017-04-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/triamcinolone-acetonide-01-dental-paste 2017-04-08 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/zoledronic-acid 2017-06-21 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/page/treatment/drugs/zoledronic-acid 2017-06-21 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all 2026-03-30 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/230-10/estimated-hiv-prevalence-united-states.jpg Estimated HIV Prevalence in the United States http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/232-9/estimated-hiv-prevalence-united-states-selected-characteristics.jpg Estimated HIV Prevalence in the United States, by Selected Characteristics http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/254-6/knowledge-hiv-status-united-states.jpg Knowledge of HIV Status in the United States http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/255-8/knowledge-hiv-status-united-states-selected-characteristics-2022.jpg Knowledge of HIV Status in the United States, by Selected Characteristics, 2022 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/237-9/estimated-hiv-incidence-united-states.jpg Estimated HIV Incidence in the United States http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/881-8/estimated-hiv-incidence-united-states-selected-characteristics-2022.jpg Estimated HIV Incidence in the United States, by Selected Characteristics, 2022 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/243-11/annual-deaths-persons-diagnosed-hiv-year-united-states-2018-2022.jpg Annual Deaths in Persons with Diagnosed HIV, by Year, United States, 2018-2022 This graphic shows deaths from any cause in persons with HIV (red line) and HIV-related deaths (blue line). http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/248-5/hiv-1-groups.jpg HIV-1-Groups Strains of HIV-1 can be classified into four groups: the "major" group M, the "outlier" group O, and two additional groups, N and P. The M group comprises at least 9 distinct HIV subtypes. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/245-8/global-hiv-prevalence-region-2024.jpg Global HIV Prevalence by Region, 2024 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/246-9/global-hiv-incidence-region-2024.jpg Global HIV Incidence by Region, 2024 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/247-9/persons-hiv-on-antiretroviral-therapyglobal-19992024.jpg Persons with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy—Global, 1999–2024 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/875-7/global-deaths-due-to-aids-during-2024.jpg Global Deaths Due to AIDS During 2024 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all 2026-03-30 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all/#definitions-hiv-epidemiology-data 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all/#hiv-prevalence-united-states 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all/#knowledge-hiv-status-united-states 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all/#hiv-incidence-united-states 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all/#factors-related-to-health-hiv 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all/#deaths-persons-hiv-united-states 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all/#global-hiv-epidemiology 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all/#hiv-2 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/epidemiology/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing/core-concept/all 2026-03-31 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1110-5/timeline-hiv-screening-testing-recommendations-united-states.jpg Timeline of HIV Screening and Testing Recommendations in the United States http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/263-3/goals-routine-hiv-screening.jpg Goals of Routine HIV Screening Identifying HIV has the dual benefit of providing treatment for the person with HIV and reducing transmission of HIV to others through awareness of HIV status and receipt of antiretroviral therapy. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/262-8/stage-disease-time-hiv-diagnosis-2022.jpg Stage of Disease at Time of HIV Diagnosis, 2022 Data from 45 states for new HIV diagnoses (age &ge;13 years). Stage 0 = Positive HIV test <6 months after a negative HIV test; Stage 1 = CD4 count >500 cells/mm³; Stage 2 = CD4 count 200-499 cells/mm³; Stage 3 (AIDS) = CD4 count <200 cells/mm³, CD4% <14, or AIDS-defining clinical condition http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/261-5/hiv-transmissions-united-states-2016-based-on-awareness-hiv-infection.jpg HIV Transmissions in the United States in 2016 Based on Awareness of HIV Infection In this Progression and Transmission of HIV (PATH 2.0) model, the CDC estimated HIV transmissions and transmission rates in the United States in 2016, including stratification based on awareness of HIV infection. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing/core-concept/all 2026-03-31 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing/core-concept/all/#background 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing/core-concept/all/#rationale-routine-hiv-screening 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing/core-concept/all/#cdc-hiv-screening-recommendations 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing/core-concept/all/#uspstf-hiv-screening-recommendations 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing/core-concept/all/#potential-barriers-to-routine-screening 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing/core-concept/all/#partner-services 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/recommendations-testing/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all 2026-03-27 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1208-2/hiv-care-continuum.jpg HIV Care Continuum http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/315-2/duration-stages.jpg Duration of Stages http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/887-5/hiv-eclipse-phase.jpg HIV Eclipse Phase http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/334-4/timing-positivity-hiv-diagnostic-tests.jpg Timing of Positivity for HIV Diagnostic Tests This graphic shows estimates for the mean number of days for HIV diagnostic tests to become positive after acquisition of HIV.<br /> Abbreviation: POC = point-of-care http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/341-4/hiv-serologic-tests-hiv-antibody-hiv-antigen-antibody.jpg HIV Serologic Tests: HIV Antibody and HIV Antigen-Antibody http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/317-1/components-hiv-12-antigen-antibody-immunoassay.jpg Components of HIV-1/2 Antigen-Antibody Immunoassay The HIV-1/2 antigen-antibody immunoassay contains components that will detect HIV-1 p24 antigen, antibodies to HIV-1, and antibodies to HIV-2. The HIV-1 and HIV-2 recombinant proteins vary from assay to assay. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/320-1/hiv-1-western-blot.jpg HIV-1 Western blot This graphic shows the relationship of the HIV-1 genes and products with the corresponding band on the HIV-1 Western blot. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/321-2/cdcaphl-recommended-laboratory-testing-algorithm-diagnosis-hiv-infection.jpg CDC/APHL Recommended Laboratory Testing Algorithm for the Diagnosis of HIV Infection Abbreviations: CDC/APHL = Centers for Disease Control and the Association of Public Health Laboratories http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/888-5/reactivity-hiv-12-antigen-antibody-immunoassay-following-hiv-acquisition.jpg Reactivity of HIV-1/2 Antigen-Antibody Immunoassay Following HIV Acquisition Time course for HIV-1/2 antigen-antibody immunoassay reactivity after HIV acquisition: 25% at day 14, 50% at day 18, 75% at day 24, and 99% after day 44. Thus, a negative test &ge;45 days after an exposure virtually excludes HIV infection from that exposure.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/346-1/test-results-persons-hiv-infection.jpg Test Results for Persons with HIV Infection http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/348-1/test-results-persons-without-hiv.jpg Test Results for Persons without HIV http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/336-4/typical-timing-serologic-markers-persons-acute-hiv.jpg Typical Timing of Serologic Markers in Persons with Acute HIV During acute HIV (shown in shaded area), the typical pattern is positive HIV RNA, reactive HIV p24 antigen, and nonreactive anti-HIV antibodies. Note that with very early acute HIV, the HIV p24 antigen test may be nonreactive. The colored circles indicate when the test typically becomes reactive/positive (blue for HIV RNA, green for HIV p24 antigen, and purple for HIV antibody). https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all 2026-03-27 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all/#background 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all/#timing-laboratory-markers-following-hiv-infection 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all/#tests-used-diagnosis-hiv 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all/#recommended-hiv-testing-algorithm 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all/#performance-diagnostic-tests 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all/#special-diagnostic-situations 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all/#delivering-test-results 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnostic-testing/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-07 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv/core-concept/all 2026-03-31 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/302-2/founder-virus.jpg Founder Virus http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/300-3/hiv-eclipse-phase.jpg HIV Eclipse Phase http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/299-3/hiv-seroconversion-window-period.jpg HIV Seroconversion Window Period http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/301-4/acute-hiv-infection.jpg Acute HIV Infection Th colored circles indicate the typical time for first detection of a positive test after acquisition of HIV.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1388-3/recent-hiv-infection.jpg Recent HIV Infection http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/304-6/early-hiv-infection.jpg Early HIV Infection http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/305-1/exposure-event.jpg Exposure Event http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/303-4/set-point-following-acquisition-hiv.jpg Set Point Following Acquisition of HIV http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/311-3/cytotoxic-t-lymphocyte-response-following-acute-hiv-infection.jpg Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response Following Acute HIV Infection http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/313-1/acute-hiv-skin-rash.jpg Acute HIV: Skin Rash http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/298-5/fiebig-laboratory-staging-early-hiv-infection.jpg Fiebig Laboratory Staging of Early HIV Infection Abbreviations: Ag = antigen; EIA = enzyme immunoassay http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/350-4/timing-positivity-hiv-diagnostic-tests-following-initial-hiv-infection.jpg Timing of Positivity for HIV Diagnostic Tests Following Initial HIV Infection Abbreviation: POC = point-of-care http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/351-6/hiv-laboratory-testing-algorithm-as-recommended-cdc-aphl.jpg HIV Laboratory Testing Algorithm As Recommended by the CDC and APHL The rectangles highlighted with a yellow border indicate the expected positive tests in a person with acute HIV.<br /> Abbreviations: Ag = antigen; NAT = nucleic acid test http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/314-3/risk-sexual-transmission-hiv-during-early-infection.jpg Risk of Sexual Transmission of HIV During Early Infection https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv/core-concept/all 2026-03-31 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv/core-concept/all/#background 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv/core-concept/all/#immunopathogenesis 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv/core-concept/all/#clinical-manifestations 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv/core-concept/all/#laboratory-diagnosis 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv/core-concept/all/#rationale-treatment-early-hiv-infection 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv/core-concept/all/#antiretroviral-treatment-early-acute-recent-hiv 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/acute-recent-early-hiv/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/linkage-care 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/linkage-care/core-concept/all 2026-04-01 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1209-6/hiv-care-continuum.jpg HIV Care Continuum http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/293-7/linkage-to-hiv-care-main-goals.jpg Linkage to HIV Care: Main Goals http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1272-2/linkage-to-hiv-medical-care.jpg Linkage to HIV Medical care https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/screening-diagnosis/linkage-care/core-concept/all 2026-04-01 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/linkage-care/core-concept/all/#background 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/linkage-care/core-concept/all/#process-estimating-monitoring-linkage-to-care 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/linkage-care/core-concept/all/#current-state-linkage-to-care-united-states 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/linkage-care/core-concept/all/#interventions-to-improve-linkage-to-care 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/linkage-care/core-concept/all/#strategies-clinics-to-improve-linkage-to-care 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/linkage-care/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring/core-concept/all 2026-03-27 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/446-3/natural-history-untreated-hiv.jpg Natural History of Untreated HIV Following acquisition of HIV, persons with untreated HIV typically develop a steady decline in CD4 cell count, usually progressing to AIDS within 10 years of the initial infection. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/450-3/hiv-rna-levels-cd4-cell-counts-risk-developing-aids.jpg HIV RNA Levels and CD4 Cell Counts and Risk of Developing AIDS https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring/core-concept/all 2026-03-27 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring/core-concept/all/#introduction 2026-03-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring/core-concept/all/#staging-hiv-disease 2026-03-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring/core-concept/all/#initial-assessment-history-taking 2026-03-27 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring/core-concept/all/#initial-evaluation-physical-examination 2026-03-27 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring/core-concept/all/#baseline-studies 2026-03-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring/core-concept/all/#immunizations 2026-03-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/staging-initial-evaluation-monitoring/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-27 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all 2025-02-02 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/874-3/linear-gingival-erythema.jpg Linear Gingival Erythema http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/352-2/pseudomembranous-candidiasis-on-palate.jpg Pseudomembranous Candidiasis on Palate http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/189-3/erythematous-candidiasis-on-palate.jpg Erythematous Candidiasis on Palate http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1138-1/hyperplastic-candidiasis-on-buccal-mucosa.jpg Hyperplastic Candidiasis on Buccal Mucosa http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/360-3/angular-cheilitis.jpg Angular Cheilitis http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1139-3/oral-hairy-leukoplakia-diffuse-tongue-involvement-lateral-view.jpg Oral Hairy Leukoplakia with Diffuse Tongue Involvement (Lateral View) http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1147-3/aphthous-stomatitis-on-lip.jpg Aphthous Stomatitis on Lip The black arrow points to a large aphthous lesion on the lip. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/368-2/focal-hsv-lesions-on-lower-lip-face.jpg Focal HSV Lesions on Lower Lip and Face Characteristic focal cluster of vesicular lesions with a surrounding erythematous base. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/370-2/oral-kaposis-sarcoma-on-maxillary-gingiva.jpg Oral Kaposi's Sarcoma on Maxillary Gingiva http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1150-1/hpv-associated-oral-squamous-papilloma.jpg HPV-Associated Oral Squamous Papilloma http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1153-2/focal-moderate-dysplasia-lower-gingiva.jpg Focal Moderate Dysplasia in Lower Gingiva http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1225-1/oral-mpox-severe-lip-ulcerations.jpg Oral Mpox with Severe Lip Ulcerations https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all 2025-02-02 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#topic-overview 2023-10-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#oral-health-hiv 2023-10-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#oral-candidiasis 2026-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#oral-hairy-leukoplakia 2023-10-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#aphthous-stomatitis 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#herpes-simplex-virus 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#kaposis-sarcoma 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#human-papillomavirus-related-oral-warts-oral-cancer 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#mpox 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2023-10-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/oral-manifestations/implementing-oral-health-care-into-hiv-primary-care-settings-curriculum 2017-05-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all 2025-02-02 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/386-2/nodular-bacillary-angiomatosis-lesion-right-antecubital-fossa.jpg Nodular Bacillary Angiomatosis Lesion in Right Antecubital Fossa http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/403-3/cutaneous-drug-eruption-caused-efavirenz.jpg Cutaneous Drug Eruption Caused by Efavirenz http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/377-2/chronic-ulcerative-herpes-simplex-virus-lesions-on-face.jpg Chronic Ulcerative Herpes Simplex Virus Lesions on Face http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/407-3/destructive-acyclovir-resistant-herpes-simplex-virus-infection-on-face.jpg Destructive Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Infection on Face http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/378-2/acyclovir-mechanism-action.jpg Acyclovir: Mechanism of Action The activation of acylclovir requires three phosphorylation steps. Note the first phosphorylation occurs via the HSV thymidine kinase enzyme.<br /> Abbreviations: ACV = acyclovir; P = phosphate; HSV TK = herpes simplex viru thymidine kinase http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/387-2/isolated-solitary-kaposis-sarcoma-lesion-on-arm.jpg Isolated Solitary Kaposi's Sarcoma Lesion on Arm http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/405-4/mrsa-furuncle-on-left-lower-back.jpg MRSA Furuncle on Left Lower Back http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/389-2/molluscum-contagiosumcutaneous-lesions.jpg Molluscum Contagiosum—Cutaneous Lesions Note the characteristic central umbilication of the lesions. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/394-2/histologic-appearance-molluscum-contagiosum.jpg Histologic Appearance of Molluscum Contagiosum This hematoxylin and eosin stained skin biopsy taken from a patient with AIDS and molluscum shows lobules of keratinocytes that contain numerous large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Henderson-Patterson, or molluscum bodies) [arrows]. Magnification x20. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/401-2/extensive-erythrodermic-psoriasis-on-chest-upper-arms.jpg Extensive Erythrodermic Psoriasis on Chest and Upper Arms This photograph was taken approximately 1 week after treatment for psoriasis was initiated and scaling of the lesions had resolved at this point of treatment. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/395-3/emsarcoptes-scabieiem-mite-viewed-scanning-electron-microscopy.jpg <em>Sarcoptes scabiei</em> Mite Viewed by Scanning Electron Microscopy This scanning electron microscopy shows a scabies mite (<em>Sarcoptes scabiei</em> var. <em>hominis</em>) in a specimen obtained from the scraping of a woman's hand. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/397-1/crusted-scabies-man-advanced-immunosuppression.jpg Crusted Scabies in a Man with Advanced Immunosuppression This image of a patient with AIDS and a CD4 count less than 100 cells/mm³ shows a diffuse erythematous rash, with plaque-like lesions in the shoulder region. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/396-2/scabies-mite-eggs.jpg Scabies Mite and Eggs Microscopy slide of skin scraping from patient with crusted scabies showing a scabies mite and multiple scabies eggs. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/400-1/seborrheic-dermatitis-on-face-scaling.jpg Seborrheic Dermatitis on Face with Scaling http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/406-1/cluster-herpes-zoster-lesions.jpg Cluster of Herpes Zoster Lesions Note the cluster of vesicular lesions that have a surrounding erythematous base. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all 2025-02-02 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#introduction 2023-10-13 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#bacillary-angiomatosis 2024-10-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#cutaneous-drug-eruptions 2024-10-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#eosinophilic-folliculitis 2023-10-13 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#herpes-simplex-virus 2024-10-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#kaposis-sarcoma 2024-10-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#mrsa-skin-soft-tissue-infections 2024-10-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#molluscum-contagiosum 2024-10-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#psoriasis 2025-10-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#scabies 2024-10-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#seborrheic-dermatitis 2024-10-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#herpes-zoster 2024-10-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#warts-anogenital 2026-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/cutaneous-manifestations/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2023-10-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all 2025-02-02 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1015-1/covid-19-mrna-vaccine.jpg COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine COVID-19 mRNA vaccines consist of mRNA surrounded by a lipid nanoparticle (LNP). The LNP protects the mRNA from being degraded and it facilitates cellular uptake of the mRNA. The coding region (orange) is a genetically engineered sequence of nucleoside-modified mRNA that encodes for the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The Cap 5&prime; and 3&prime; UTR elements enhance the stability and translation of the mRNA http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1122-2/number-reported-cases-hepatitis-virus-infections-united-states-2015-2022.jpg Number of Reported Cases of Hepatitis A Virus Infections, United States, 2015-2022 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1123-2/hepatitis-vaccine-doses-schedule-adults.jpg Hepatitis A Vaccine Doses and Schedule for Adults http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1124-1/recommendations-hepatitis-vaccine-people-hiv-based-on-cd4-cell-count-risk-acquiring-hepatitis-virus.jpg Recommendations for Hepatitis A Vaccine in People with HIV Based on CD4 Cell Count and Risk of Acquiring Hepatitis A Virus http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1267-1/heplisav-b-vaccine-hbv-vaccine-nave-people-hiv.jpg Heplisav-B Vaccine in HBV Vaccine-Naïve People With HIV This bar graph shows the seroprotective response rates to three doses of Heplisav-B vaccine given at 0, 4, and 24 weeks. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/912-10/hbv-vaccine-schedule-options-persons-hiv.jpg HBV Vaccine Schedule Options in Persons with HIV Note: A 1.0 mL dose of <em>Twinrix</em> contains 720 ELISA units of inactivated hepatitis A virus (antigen component from Havrix) and 20 &micro;g HBsAg (antigen component from Engerix-B). <em>Twinrix</em> can be given on an accelerated schedule, but the accelerated schedule requires a total of 4 doses (days 0, 7, and 21 to 30) followed by a booster dose at 12 months). http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/911-2/approach-to-isolated-anti-hbc-persons-hiv.jpg Approach to Isolated Anti-HBc in Persons with HIV *The full vaccine series options include the 2-dose series using standard-dose <em>Heplisav-B</em> or the 3-dose series with double-dose vaccine using <em>Engerix-B</em> or <em>Recombivax HB</em>. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/410-2/production-human-papillomavirus-subunit-vaccine.jpg Production of Human Papillomavirus Subunit Vaccine Conceptual rendition of production of human papillomavirus vaccine. The vaccine process involves recombinant synthesis of major capsid L1 proteins that self-assemble as a shell of 72 pentameric capsomeres to form viral-like particles (VLPs). The assembled pseudovirus is very similar to the native human papillomavirus and is highly immunogenic. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1127-2/9-valent-human-papillomavirus-vaccine.jpg 9-valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/894-5/number-measles-cases-united-states-reported-year-2010-2024.jpg Number of Measles Cases in United States, Reported by Year, 2010-2024* *Cases in 2024 are for those cases reported through March 14.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/409-2/meningococcal-disease-among-persons-hiv-united-states-2017-2022.jpg Meningococcal Disease Among Persons with HIV, United States, 2017-2022 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1128-1/recommendation-conjugate-quadrivalent-meningococcal-vaccine-persons-hiv.jpg Recommendation for Conjugate Quadrivalent Meningococcal Vaccine in Persons with HIV http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1268-1/administration-mpox-vaccine-subcutaneous-intradermal-routes.jpg Administration of Mpox Vaccine: Subcutaneous and Intradermal Routes http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/274-4/recommendations-pneumococcal-immunization-adults-hiv-no-prior-pneumococcal-immunization.jpg Recommendations for Pneumococcal Immunization in Adults with HIV and No Prior Pneumococcal Immunization http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1130-2/prior-receipt-pcv13-only.jpg Prior Receipt PCV13 Only Note: the red box represents receipt of prior pneumococcal vaccine. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/426-5/herpes-zoster-vaccines.jpg Herpes Zoster Vaccines http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1063-2/recommendation-zoster-vaccine-persons-hiv.jpg Recommendation for Zoster Vaccine in Persons with HIV https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all 2025-02-02 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#background 2025-01-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#covid-19-vaccination 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#emhaemophilus-influenzaeem-type-b-hib-vaccination 2025-01-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#hepatitis-virus-hav-vaccination 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#hepatitis-b-virus-hbv-vaccination 2025-01-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccination 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#influenza-vaccination 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#measles-mumps-rubella-mmr-vaccination 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#meningococcal-vaccination 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#mpox-vaccination 2025-01-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#pneumococcal-vaccination 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis-tdap-vaccination 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#varicella-vaccination 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#zoster-vaccination 2025-02-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#travel-vaccines 2025-01-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#contraindicated-vaccines 2023-10-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2025-01-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all 2025-05-23 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1332-6/women-aged-21-to-29-years.jpg Women Aged 21 to 29 Years *See Opportunistic Infections Guidelines for HPV testing in Women aged 25-29 years<br /> Abbreviations: ASC-US = atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; LSIL: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1336-2/anal-cancer-screening-asymptomatic-people-hiv.jpg Anal Cancer Screening in Asymptomatic People With HIV <p>*No specimen collected<br /> Abbreviation: HRA = high resolution anoscopy; DARE = digital anorectal examination; HPV = human papillomavirus; hr-HPV = high-risk HPV; LSIL = low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion</p> http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/968-2/summary-three-aspirin-trials-primary-prevention-cardiovascular-disease.jpg Summary of Three Aspirin Trials for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/445-6/kaiser-observational-study-1996-2001-coronary-heart-disease-hospitalization-myocardial-infarction.jpg Kaiser Observational Study (1996-2001): Coronary Heart Disease Hospitalization and Myocardial Infarction http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/980-4/prevalence-hypertension-among-adults-18-years-age-older-sex-age-group-nhanes-2021-2023.jpg Prevalence of Hypertension Among Adults 18 Years of Age and Older, by Sex and Age Group, NHANES, 2021-2023 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/429-5/2017-hypertension-guidelines-categories-blood-pressure-adults.jpg 2017 Hypertension Guidelines: Categories of Blood Pressure for Adults http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/432-5/american-college-cardiology-american-heart-association-cholesterol-guidelines-intensity-statins.jpg American College of Cardiology-American Heart Association Cholesterol Guidelines: Intensity of Statins http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/435-4/impact-antiretroviral-medications-on-lipid-levels.jpg Impact of Antiretroviral Medications on Lipid Levels http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/439-2/gfr-categories-chronic-kidney-disease.jpg GFR Categories in Chronic Kidney Disease http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/438-3/prognosis-chronic-kidney-disease-gfr-albuminuria-categories-kidgo-2024.jpg Prognosis of Chronic Kidney Disease by GFR and Albuminuria Categories: KIDGO 2024 Green = low risk (if no other markers of kidney disease, no CKD). Yellow = moderately increased risk. Orange = high risk. Red = very high risk<br /> Abbreviations: GFR = glomerular filtration rate http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/440-3/common-laboratory-indicators-proximal-tubular-dysfunction.jpg Common Laboratory Indicators of Proximal Tubular Dysfunction http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/441-2/effectiveness-abstinence-rates-various-medications-6-months-after-quitting.jpg Effectiveness and Abstinence Rates for Various Medications at 6 Months after Quitting https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all 2025-05-23 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#topic-overview 2025-01-27 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#cancer-screening 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#cardiovascular 2025-01-27 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#diabetes-mellitus 2025-01-27 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#hypertension 2025-01-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#hyperlipidemia 2025-05-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#osteoporosis 2025-05-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#renal-disease 2025-05-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#testosterone-deficiency 2025-05-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#tobacco-use-smoking-cessation 2025-05-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/primary-care-medical-management/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2025-01-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/913-6/depression-persons-hiv-during-2-weeks-before-interviewmedical-monitoring-project-united-states-2020-cycle.jpg Depression in Persons with HIV During the 2 Weeks Before Interview—Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2020 Cycle Using the DSM-IV criteria, major depression was defined as having at least 5 symptoms of depression and other depression defined as having 2&ndash;4 symptoms of depression. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/411-7/anxiety-persons-hiv-during-2-weeks-before-interviewmedical-monitoring-project-united-states-2020-cycle.jpg Anxiety in Persons with HIV During the 2 Weeks Before Interview—Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2020 Cycle Anxiety definitions were according to criteria from the DSM-IV and based on GAD-7 scores. Severe anxiety was defined as having a score of &ge;15, moderate anxiety as having a score of 10&ndash;14, and mild anxiety as having a score of 5&ndash;9. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/412-4/hiv-prevalence-general-outpatient-psychiatric-population.jpg HIV Prevalence in General Outpatient Psychiatric Population These data were obtained through general outpatient psychiatric clinics at Duke University Medical Center during 2001-2004. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/457-3/positive-prevention-model-showing-hypothesized-effects-mental-health-treatment-on-hiv-transmission-risk-behavior.jpg Positive Prevention Model Showing Hypothesized Effects of Mental Health Treatment on HIV Transmission Risk Behavior http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/413-5/phq-9-scores-likelihood-ratio-major-depression.jpg PHQ-9 Scores and Likelihood Ratio for Major Depression These data are based on surveys from 580 patients who completed the PHQ-9 and had a structured interview by a mental health professional to determine the presence or absence of major depression. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/451-1/operating-characteristics-phq-2-major-depression.jpg Operating Characteristics of PHQ-2 for Major Depression This table shows the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and likelihood ratios for the range of PHQ-2 scores in diagnosing major depressive disorder. These data are based on surveys from 580 patients who completed the PHQ-2 and had an independent mental health professional interview. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/452-1/operating-characteristics-gad-7-generalized-anxiety-disorder.jpg Operating Characteristics of GAD-7 for Generalized Anxiety Disorder This table shows the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for the GAD-7 scores in the range of 8 to 15 as a diagnosis for generalized anxiety disorder. These data are based on 995 patients who completed the GAD-7 and underwent structured psychiatric interviews by a mental health professional as an evaluation for generalized anxiety disorder. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/415-2/diagnostic-characteristics-primary-care-ptsd-screen-dsm-5-pc-ptsd-5.jpg Diagnostic Characteristics for the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) These data are based on surveys from 399 adult Veterans seen at a primary clinic. The Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) screening tool was used. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/480-2/operating-characteristics-mood-disorderquestionnaire.jpg Operating Characteristics of the Mood Disorder�Questionnaire This graphic is based on data from 198 individuals seen at five outpatient clinics. A score of 7 or higher (gray vertical line) was chosen as the optimal cutoff. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/414-4/depression-treatment-cascade-patients-hiv.jpg Depression Treatment Cascade for Patients with HIV This graphic shows the estimated proportion of all HIV patients with a major depressive episode in the past year who had depression recognized clinically, received any treatment, received adequate treatment, and achieved remission. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#background 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#estimates-mental-health-conditions-persons-hiv 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#mental-health-conditions-risk-hiv-acquisition-transmission 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#impact-mental-health-conditions-on-hiv-outcomes 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#benefit-mental-health-care-on-hiv-outcomes 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#neurocognitive-disorders-persons-living-hiv 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#overview-screening-tools-common-mental-health-conditions 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#depression-screening-tools 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#anxiety-disorder-screening-tools 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd-screening-tools 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#bipolar-disorder-screening-tool 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#neurocognitive-screening-tools 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#integrating-mental-health-screening-into-hiv-care 2025-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2023-10-24 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/screening-mental-disorders/screening-dementia 2020-08-18 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all 2026-03-30 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/453-7/number-persons-age-12-older-past-year-substance-disorder-united-states-2024.jpg Number of Persons Age 12 and Older with a Past Year Substance Disorder, United States, 2024 Abbreviations: SUD = substance use disorder; Rx denotes medical prescription<br /> Note: SUD refers to dependence or abuse in the past year related to the use of alcohol or illicit drugs in that same period. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/914-3/current-binge-heavy-alcohol-use-among-people-age-12-years-or-older-united-states-2021.jpg Current, Binge, and Heavy Alcohol Use Among People Age 12 Years or Older, United States, 2021 Note: Binge Alcohol Use is defined as drinking &ge;5 drinks (for males) or &ge;4 drinks (for females) on the same occasion on &ge;1 day in the past 30 days. Heavy Alcohol Use is defined as binge drinking on the same occasion on &ge;5 days in the past 30 days; all heavy alcohol users are also binge alcohol users. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/436-2/neurochemical-circuits-involved-alcohol-dependence-craving.jpg Neurochemical Circuits Involved in Alcohol Dependence and Craving This figure shows ethanol leading to increased dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens. Naltrexone works by blocking opioid receptors and causes a reduction in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, which reduces the reward or pleasure associated with alcohol ingestion. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/483-3/impact-long-acting-naltrexone-on-median-heavy-drinking-days-per-month.jpg Impact of Long-Acting Naltrexone on Median Heavy Drinking Days per Month This graphic shows results from a 6-month, placebo-controlled study that randomized 624 alcohol-dependent adults to placebo or one of two doses of extended release injectable naltrexone (190 mg per month or 380 mg every 4 weeks). http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/416-3/inhibition-alcohol-metabolism-disulfiram.jpg Inhibition of Alcohol Metabolism by Disulfiram Normal ethanol (alcohol) metabolism is shown in top figure, with conversion of ethanol to acetate. Disulfiram inhibits the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to accumulation of acetaldehyde, which is associated with adverse effects. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all 2026-03-30 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#background 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#screening-substance-use-disorders 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#epidemiology-substance-use-united-states 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#substance-use-disorders-people-hiv 2026-03-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#alcohol-use-disorder 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#cannabis-use-disorder 2026-03-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#hallucinogen-use-disorder 2026-03-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#opioid-use-disorder 2026-03-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#stimulant-use-disorder 2026-03-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#tobacco-use-disorder 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/substance-use-disorders/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/retention-care 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/retention-care/core-concept/all 2026-03-28 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/903-6/hiv-care-continuum.jpg HIV Care Continuum http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/418-9/prevalence-based-hiv-care-continuum-united-states-2022.jpg Prevalence-Based HIV Care Continuum, United States, 2022 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/901-4/retention-hiv-medical-care-united-states-2010-through-2021.jpg Retention in HIV Medical Care, United States, 2010 through 2021 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1273-2/hiv-retention-care.jpg HIV Retention in Care http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/902-6/retention-hiv-medical-care-ryan-white-program-clinics-2019-2023.jpg Retention in HIV Medical Care in Ryan White Program Clinics, 2019-2023 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/423-5/correlation-retention-hiv-care-mortality-risk.jpg Correlation of Retention in HIV Care and Mortality Risk Based on visits in 4 intervals: Optimal = 4; Suboptimal = 3; Sporadic = 1&ndash;2; Dropout = None http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/428-4/estimated-hiv-transmission-awareness-status-stages-hiv-care-continuum-united-states-2016.jpg Estimated HIV Transmission by Awareness of Status and Stages of HIV Care Continuum, United States, 2016 The estimated number of HIV transmissions in 2016 resultant of persons with a known HIV diagnosis but who were not in care was 16,500, which was approximately 43% of all new HIV transmissions that year. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/424-10/health-department-model.jpg Health Department Model http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/421-3/project-hope-effect-patient-navigation-or-without-financial-incentives-on-viral-suppression.jpg Project Hope: Effect of Patient Navigation with or without Financial Incentives on Viral Suppression https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/basic-primary-care/retention-care/core-concept/all 2026-03-28 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/retention-care/core-concept/all/#introduction-hiv-care-continuum 2026-03-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/retention-care/core-concept/all/#evaluation-retention-care 2026-03-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/retention-care/core-concept/all/#estimating-retention-hiv-medical-care 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/retention-care/core-concept/all/#factors-that-may-impact-rates-retention-care 2026-03-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/retention-care/core-concept/all/#impact-lower-rates-retention-care 2026-03-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/retention-care/core-concept/all/#strategies-to-improve-retention-hiv-medical-care 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/retention-care/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/497-2/hiv-life-cycle-site-inhibitors-viral-replication.jpg HIV Life Cycle and Site of Inhibitors of Viral Replication http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/578-2/hiv-envelope-proteins-on-hiv-surface.jpg HIV Envelope Proteins on HIV Surface Each HIV has approximately 14 irregularly spaced envelope glycoprotein spikes on the surface of HIV. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/565-2/gp120-gp41.jpg gp120 and gp41 Each HIV envelope spike is a trimeric structure, with each trimer comprised of gp120 subunits paired with gp41 subunits. The trimer of heterodimers is arranged in a tripod-like conformation. The gp120 is coated with an immunoprotective glycan shield that helps HIV evade the host immune system. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/559-1/r5-tropic-hiv.jpg R5-Tropic HIV In this illustration, R5-tropic HIV is represented by the blue envelope spikes; the R5 HIV binds to the host CCR5 coreceptor during the viral cell entry process. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/942-2/mechanism-action-attachment-inhibitors-fostemsavir.jpg Mechanism of Action of Attachment Inhibitors: Fostemsavir The attachment inhibitor fostemsavir is hydrolyzed to its active form temsavir, which binds to HIV gp120 and prevents attachment between HIV gp120 and the host cell CD4 receptor. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/460-2/hiv-reverse-transcriptase-p66-p51-subunits.jpg HIV Reverse Transcriptase: p66 and p51 Subunits Reverse transcriptase is a DNA polymerase heterodimer comprised of p66 and p51 subunits. The p66 and p51 subunits are 560 and 440 amino acids in length, respectively. These two subunits share the same first 440 amino acids. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/459-2/hiv-reverse-transcription-conversion-rna-to-dna.jpg HIV Reverse Transcription: Conversion of RNA to DNA The key function of HIV reverse transcriptase is to convert single-stranded HIV RNA to double-stranded HIV DNA. The actual reverse transcriptase process is a multiple-step, highly complicated process that involves polymerase, RNase H, and an RNA-DNA intermediate hybrid. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/468-1/nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors.jpg Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, in their triphosphate form, mimic the host nucleotides that are incorporated into the elongating strand of DNA. In the active triphosphorylated form, the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors compete with human nucleotides for a spot in the elongating DNA chain. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/472-2/non-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor-binding-pocket.jpg Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Binding Pocket The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors work by directly binding to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors binding pocket region, a region in the polymerase domain proximal to the polymerase active site. This binding directly impedes the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/474-3/hiv-integrase.jpg HIV Integrase The HIV integrase enzyme consists of three distinct structural domains: the carboxy (C)-terminal domain, the amino (N)-terminal domain, and the catalytic core domain. The catalytic core domain contains a trio of amino acids that coordinate binding with a divalent metal (either Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺) and form an active catalytic site. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/476-2/hiv-integrase-dna-complex.jpg HIV Integrase: DNA Complex The HIV integrase binds to HIV DNA (most likely in the dimer form); the integrase-HIV DNA complex is part of a particle known as the preintegration complex (or intasome). This newly formed preintegration complex has to migrate from the cytoplasm into the nucleus for integration to occur. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/567-1/integrase-strand-transfer-inhibitor.jpg Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor With binding to the HIV integrase, the INSTIs have a multifaceted mechanism of action that includes sequestering the Mg²⁺ ions and blocking the binding site, displacing the 3'-hydroxyl ends of viral DNA that play a critical role in strand transfer, and prevention of host DNA substrate with the HIV complex. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/568-3/hiv-protease-dimer.jpg HIV Protease Dimer HIV protease is a 99-amino-acid dimer made up of two identical subunits. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/576-3/sequential-steps-hiv-gag-protein-processing-hiv-protease.jpg Sequential Steps in HIV Gag Protein Processing by HIV Protease The HIV Gag protein processing occurs with sequential cleavages (steps 1 to 5) by HIV protease. The end result of this process is the separation of four proteins: matrix (MA), capsid (CA), nucleocapsid (NC), and p6. This cleavage process also separates out spacer peptide 1 (SP1) and spacer peptide 2 (SP2). Myristic acid moiety (myr) plays a key role in matrix binding to the phospholipid membrane. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/577-3/hiv-protease-inhibitor.jpg HIV Protease Inhibitor The HIV protease inhibitor (red pentagon) binds to the active site of HIV protease and prevents protease processing of the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1167-1/hiv-core-capsid-monomer.jpg HIV Core and Capsid Monomer http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1165-1/mechanism-action-capsid-inhibitor.jpg Mechanism of Action of Capsid Inhibitor http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/555-3/median-cd4-cell-count-over-time-after-starting-antiretroviral-therapy.jpg Median CD4 Cell Count Over Time After Starting Antiretroviral Therapy In this study, 5,299 antiretroviral therapy-na&iuml;ve patients were followed to observe CD4 cell count responses after 7 years of antiretroviral therapy. Groups were stratified by baseline CD4 cell count and recovery to near normal CD4 cell count levels was more likely in those with higher baseline CD4 cell counts. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/556-2/outcome-patients-esprit-trial.jpg Outcome of Patients in ESPRIT Trial This graph shows the outcome of 4,111 patients with a CD4 count greater than 350 cells/mm³ who were randomized to receive interleukin-2 plus antiretroviral therapy or antiretroviral therapy alone.<br /> Abbreviations: OI = opportunistic infection https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all/#background 2024-07-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all/#hiv-life-cycle-antiretroviral-drug-targets 2025-02-07 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all/#when-to-initiate-antiretroviral-therapy 2024-07-24 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all/#antiretroviral-regimens-initial-therapy 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all/#choosing-specific-antiretroviral-regimen 2025-10-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all/#monitoring-response-to-antiretroviral-therapy 2024-10-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all/#poor-cd4-response-to-antiretroviral-therapy 2024-10-08 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all/#discontinuation-or-treatment-interruption 2025-05-12 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/general-information/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/943-1/weight-gain-following-initiation-antiretroviral-therapy.jpg Weight Gain Following Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy This retrospective observational cohort study analyzed data from 1,152 persons following their initiation of antiretroviral therapy. This included 351 persons receiving an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (135 on dolutegravir, 153 on elvitegravir, and 63 on raltegravir). http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/946-2/renal-tubule-promial-tubular-secretion-creatinine.jpg Renal Tubule and Promial Tubular Secretion of Creatinine Approximately 15% of creatinine is actively secreted into the urine by the proximal tubule. Dolutegravir can inhibit the urine organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), a protein involved in renal tubular secretion of creatinine. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/228-1/dolutegravir-related-changes-serum-creatinine-level.jpg Dolutegravir-Related Changes in Serum Creatinine Level This graph shows the mean change in serum creatinine levels from baseline for two antireretroviral regimens: dolutegravir plus abacavir-lamivudine and efavirenz-tenofovir DF-emtricitabine. The I bars indicate 1 standard deviation. To convert the values for creatinine to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 88.4. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/496-5/metabolism-tenofovir-df-tenofovir-alafenamide-cellular-activation.jpg Metabolism of Tenofovir DF and Tenofovir Alafenamide Cellular Activation A 25 mg dose of tenofovir alafenamide has 90% lower circulating plasma tenofovir levels when compared with a 300 mg dose of tenofovir DF. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/506-3/common-laboratory-indicators-proximal-tubule-dysfunction.jpg Common Laboratory Indicators of Proximal Tubule Dysfunction Additional nonspecific indicators include proteinuria/albuminuria and hematuria. Investigational markers with limited clinical availability include aminoaciduria, urinary alfa-1 microglobulin, urinary beta-2 microglobulin, urinary retinol-binding protein, urinary cytochrome C, and urinary cystatin C. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/505-2/central-nervous-system-toxicity-related-to-plasma-efavirenz-levels.jpg Central Nervous System Toxicity Related to Plasma Efavirenz Levels This study involved an analysis of 130 adults taking an efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimen. Blood samples for efavirenz levels were drawn at an average of 14 hours after efavirenz intake. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/498-2/efavirenz-associated-rash.jpg Efavirenz-Associated Rash http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/499-1/nevirapine-associated-rash.jpg Nevirapine-Associated Rash http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/503-3/mechanism-atazanavir-associated-increase-serum-bilirubin.jpg Mechanism for Atazanavir-Associated Increase in Serum Bilirubin Abbreviation: UGT1A1 = uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all/#introduction 2024-07-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all/#entry-inhibitors 2024-07-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all/#integrase-strand-transfer-inhibitors 2024-07-27 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all/#nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors 2024-07-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all/#non-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors 2024-07-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all/#pharmacologic-boosters 2024-07-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all/#protease-inhibitors 2024-07-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all/#capsid-inhibitors 2024-07-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/adverse-effects/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2024-07-27 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/229-1/first-pass-metabolism-after-oral-administration-drug-its-interaction-grapefruit-juice.jpg First-Pass Metabolism After Oral Administration of a Drug and Its Interaction with Grapefruit Juice Figure legend from article: CYP3A enzymes (e.g., CYP3A4) present in enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium extensively metabolize felodipine during its absorption, and, on average, only 30% of the administered dose enters the portal vein (solid line). Subsequently, CYP3A enzymes in the liver further metabolize the drug so that only 15% of the dose is bioavailable and finally reaches the systemic circulation and is able to exert its effects. Grapefruit juice selectively inhibits CYP3A in the enterocyte, with the net result being an increase in the oral bioavailability of felodipine by a factor of three, denoted by the asterisks and the dashed lines. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/547-1/cyp-450-inhibition.jpg CYP 450 Inhibition http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/546-1/cyp-450-induction.jpg CYP 450 Induction http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/548-2/ritonavir-boosted-saquinavir-interactions-statins.jpg Ritonavir-Boosted Saquinavir Interactions with Statins https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#overview 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#acid-suppressive-therapy-supplements 2024-08-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#antimycobacterials 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#cardiovascular-medications 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#corticosteroids 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#hepatitis-c-treatments 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#hmg-coa-reductase-inhibitors-statins 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#mental-health-medications 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#opioid-agonist-therapy 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#oral-anticoagulants-antiplatelet-therapy 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#phosphodiesterase-type-5-pde5-inhibitors 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#miscellaneous-interactions 2024-08-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/drug-drug-interactions/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2023-07-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1174-1/monthly-dosing-schedule-injectable-cabotegravir-rilpivirine-optional-oral-lead-in.jpg Monthly Dosing Schedule of Injectable Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine, with Optional Oral Lead-In http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1175-1/every-2-month-dosing-schedule-injectable-cabotegravir-rilpivirine-optional-oral-lead-in.jpg Every 2-Month Dosing Schedule of Injectable Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine, with Optional Oral Lead-In https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all/#principles-switching-or-simplifying-antiretroviral-therapy 2023-11-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all/#switching-to-an-integrase-strand-transfer-inhibitor 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all/#switching-to-non-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all/#within-class-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor-switches 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all/#simplifying-therapy-to-an-oral-two-drug-regimen 2025-10-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all/#simplifying-therapy-to-injectable-cabotegravir-rilpivirine 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all/#simplifying-maintenance-therapy-to-monotherapy 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/switching-antiretroviral-therapy/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/534-1/high-error-rate-hiv-reverse-transcription.jpg High Error Rate with HIV Reverse Transcription http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/507-2/hiv-resistance-basic-concepts.jpg HIV Resistance Basic Concepts This graphic illustrates the basic concept that with suboptimal antiretroviral therapy, as may occur with poor adherence, drug-resistant strains of HIV have a selective advantage and can emerge to become the dominant circulating strains of HIV. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/508-3/virologic-suppression.jpg Virologic Suppression Virologic suppression is defined as a confirmed HIV RNA level below the limit of assay detection (e.g., less than 50 copies/mL). http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/510-3/incomplete-virologic-response.jpg Incomplete Virologic Response Incomplete virologic response is defined as two consecutive plasma HIV RNA levels greater than 200 copies/mL after 24 weeks on an antiretroviral regimen. Note that baseline HIV RNA may affect the time course of response, and some regimens will take longer than others to suppress HIV RNA levels. Most assays can typically quantitate HIV if the plasma HIV RNA level is greater than 25 copies/mL. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/509-4/virologic-rebound.jpg Virologic Rebound Virologic rebound is defined as confirmed detectable HIV RNA (greater than 200 copies/mL) after virologic suppression. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/511-5/virologic-blip.jpg Virologic Blip In an individual with suppression of HIV RNA levels, a virologic blip is defined as an isolated detectable HIV RNA level followed by return to virologic suppression. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/512-3/low-level-viremia.jpg Low-Level Viremia Low-level viremia is defined as HIV RNA levels above the level of detection of the assay but below 200 copies/mL http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/513-2/detectable-hiv-rna-below-limit-quantification.jpg Detectable HIV RNA Below the Limit of Quantification As shown in the sample from patient 2, in some individuals with HIV infection, HIV RNA is detectable in a plasma sample but the amount of HIV RNA is so low (less than 40 copies/mL) that the laboratory assay cannot accurately quantitate the HIV RNA level. In this situation, the laboratory report typically states HIV-1 RNA was detected in this sample but below the assay's limit of quantitation. This contrasts with the sample from patient 1 that corresponds with a quantitative HIV-1 RNA level since it is above 40 copies/mL. For the sample from patient 3, the HIV RNA level is extremely low and would not be detected on most standard commercial assays. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/514-2/obtaining-blood-sample-person-hiv.jpg Obtaining Blood Sample from Person with HIV Conventional HIV drug resistance genotype testing requires obtaining a blood draw from a person with HIV and the test is run on plasma. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1180-1/proviral-dna.jpg Proviral DNA Proviral DNA refers to HIV DNA that has been incorporated into the host DNA.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/521-2/hiv-dna-genotypic-drug-resistance-assay.jpg HIV DNA Genotypic Drug Resistance Assay In contrast to a conventional HIV drug resistance assay, which is performed on a plasma sample and typically requires HIV RNA levels of at least 500 copies/mL or more, an HIV DNA drug resistance assay is performed on whole blood and it detects proviral DNA that is incorporated into host DNA in cells infected with HIV. The HIV DNA resistance assay can be performed in patients who have undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/522-7/indication-hiv-drug-resistance-testing.jpg Indication for HIV Drug Resistance Testing The Adult and Adolescent ARV Guidelines recommend performing routine HIV drug resistance testing in the situations shown in this figure. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/523-3/reemergence-wild-type-hiv-after-stopping-antiretroviral-therapy.jpg Reemergence of Wild Type HIV After Stopping Antiretroviral Therapy In situations where HIV drug resistance has developed while an individual is taking antiretroviral therapy, the discontinuation of the antiretroviral therapy regimen will remove the selective pressure on HIV and some drug-resistant mutants may back mutate to wild-type HIV. In addition, in this situation, wild-type HIV may have greater fitness than mutated strains and thus growth of wild-type strains may outpace drug-resistant strains. Accordingly, it is optimal to obtain resistance testing while the patient is on antiretroviral therapy or promptly after discontinuation. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/524-2/hiv-dna-mutations-resulting-amino-acid-changes.jpg HIV DNA Mutations Resulting in Amino Acid Changes Mutations in the DNA sequence are analyzed to predict amino acid substitutions in the HIV polypeptide. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/525-1/amino-acid-substitution-position-103.jpg Amino Acid Substitution at Position 103 In this example, the amino acid lysine (K) has been replaced by asparagine (N) at amino acid position 103 in the reverse transcriptase protein. The amino acid position 103 is located in the outer rim of pocket where NNRTIs bind. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/526-2/interpretation-hiv-drug-resistance-genotype-report.jpg Interpretation of HIV Drug Resistance Genotype Report The HIV genotype provides information based on the inferred amino acid substitutions predicted by the HIV DNA sequence and these substitutions are compared with wild-type HIV amino acid sequences. The genotype resistance report lists the wild-type amino acid, followed by the position of this amino acid, followed by the amino acid that has replaced the wild-type amino acid at the position listed. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/527-1/method-calculating-level-phenotypic-resistance.jpg Method for Calculating Level of Phenotypic Resistance This graph shows the method for calculating the level of phenotypic resistance of a single antiretroviral medication. The antiretroviral drug is tested on a patient's HIV isolate and a laboratory reference (wild-type strain). The IC50 represents the concentration of the antiretroviral drug required to cause 50% inhibition of HIV replication. The fold change is calculated by dividing the IC50 of the patient's isolate by the IC50 of the wild-type laboratory strain. As shown, as the curve shifts to the right, a higher concentration of drug would be required to inhibit HIV replication and thus the strain of HIV would be more resistant. The further the curve shifts to the right (for the patient's HIV strain tested), the greater the level of resistance. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/528-1/drug-susceptible-hiv.jpg Drug-Susceptible HIV This graph shows a phenotypic susceptibility curve comparing the effect of a single antiretroviral drug on the patient's HIV and a laboratory reference (wild-type strain). The wild-type strain is known to be susceptible to the drug tested. The graph shows a similar IC50 for both the patient and wild-type HIV and this would be interpreted that the patient's HIV is susceptible to the drug tested in this assay. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/532-1/discrimination-decreased-incorporation-mechanisms-hiv-resistance-to-nrtis.jpg Discrimination (Decreased Incorporation) Mechanisms for HIV Resistance to NRTIs http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/533-1/excision-primer-unblocking-mechanisms-hiv-resistance-to-nrtis.jpg Excision (Primer Unblocking) Mechanisms for HIV Resistance to NRTIs http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/535-2/thymidine-analog-mutations-tams.jpg Thymidine Analog Mutations (TAMs) The thymidine analog mutations arise in the setting of inadequate virologic suppression with an antiretroviral therapy regimen that contains either zidovudine or stavudine. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/536-1/thymidine-analog-mutation-tam-resistance-pathways.jpg Thymidine Analog Mutation (TAM) Resistance Pathways http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/541-1/interaction-nnrti-medication-binding-pocket-reverse-transcriptase.jpg Interaction of NNRTI Medication with the Binding Pocket of Reverse Transcriptase The NNRTIs exert their action by attaching to a region of the binding pocket of reverse transcriptase. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/539-2/resistance-mutation-causing-altered-interaction-nnrti-binding-pocket.jpg Resistance Mutation Causing Altered Interaction of NNRTI with Binding Pocket Resistance to NNRTIs can result from mutations that impact amino acids surrounding the binding site thereby preventing the NNRTI from entering into the binding pocket. This is referred to as the altered binding mutation. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/540-1/nnrti-resistance-mutation-causing-reduced-access-nnrti-to-binding-pocket.jpg NNRTI Resistance Mutation Causing Reduced Access of NNRTI to Binding Pocket Resistance to NNRTIs can result from mutations that impact amino acids surrounding the binding site thereby preventing the NNRTI from entering into the binding pocket. This is referred to as the reduced access mutation. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1068-1/doravirine-resistance-pathways.jpg Doravirine Resistance Pathways http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1179-3/impact-reverse-transcriptase-mutations-on-doravirine.jpg Impact of Reverse Transcriptase Mutations on Doravirine http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/545-2/major-primary-integrase-resistance-mutations.jpg Major Primary Integrase Resistance Mutations HIV integrase enzyme is a 288-amino acid enzyme comprised of three structural domains: C-terminal domain, N-terminal domain, and the catalytic core domain. Eight major primary integrase resistance mutations have been identified. Note that all of these major primary resistance mutations are located in the catalytic core domain region of the integrase enzyme. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/543-2/raltegravir-resistance-pathways.jpg Raltegravir Resistance Pathways Drug resistance to raltegravir occurs most often in one of three pathways: Q148, N155, and Y143. As shown by the relative sizes of the arrows, the Q148 pathway is the most common pathway and it has the greatest impact on raltegravir-associated resistance. The N155 pathway is the next most common pathway, but because this mutation does not impact raltegravir nearly as much as the Q148, there is frequent crossover from the N155 pathway to the Q148 pathway. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/544-1/evolution-progressive-integrase-resistance-during-failure-raltegravir-based-regimen.jpg Evolution of Progressive Integrase Resistance during Failure with Raltegravir-Based Regimen In this study, investigators followed 29 individuals who had incomplete virologic suppression on a regimen that contained raltegravir. With each subsequent visit, a progressive number of integrase mutations developed, translating to higher levels of resistance to raltegravir and to other integrase strand transfer inhibitors. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/542-2/hiv--protease-location-amino-acid-resistance-mutations.jpg HIV Protease and Location of Amino Acid Resistance Mutations http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/570-1/ccr5-antagonists.jpg CCR5 Antagonists The binding of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc causes a conformational change in the extracellular loop region of the CCR5 coreceptor. The changes in the CCR5 coreceptor that occur do not involve significant changes in the N-terminal region of the CCR5 coreceptor. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/571-1/emergence-preexisting-x4-tropic-virus.jpg Emergence of Preexisting X4-Tropic Virus This illustration shows the emergence of preexisting minority variants of X4-tropic virus that are preferentially selected out from the use of a CCR5 antagonist. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/572-1/emergence-new-x4-tropic-virus.jpg Emergence of New X4-Tropic Virus This illustration shows emergence of newly formed X4-tropic HIV as a result of mutations in the HIV gp120 region. This contrasts with emergence of preexisting minority variants of X4-tropic virus. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/573-3/resistance-to-ccr5-antagonist-binding-to-ccr5-presence-maraviroc.jpg Resistance to CCR5 Antagonist: Binding to CCR5 in Presence of Maraviroc Resistance to maraviroc can occur when R5-tropic HIV-1 develops mutations that facilitate the gp120-CCR5 coreceptor binding despite maraviroc attachment to the CCR5 coreceptor and receptor conformational changes. When this type of resistance occurs, the binding of HIV-1 gp120 occurs with enhanced affinity at the CCR5 N-terminal domain region. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/574-2/enfuvirtide.jpg Enfuvirtide The antiretroviral medication enfuvirtide is a synthetic 36-amino-acid peptide that mimics a segment of the HR2 region of HIV-1 gp41. The medication binds to the corresponding HR1 region and thus prevents the normal HR1-HR2 binding that is critical for HIV-1 to form the 6-helix bundle. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#introduction 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#definition-terms-related-to-virologic-responses 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#causes-virologic-failure 2023-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#approach-to-detectable-hiv-rna-levels 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#hiv-drug-resistance-assays 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#indications-hiv-drug-resistance-testing 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#interpretation-drug-resistance-assays 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor-resistance 2023-11-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#non-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor-resistance 2024-07-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#integrase-strand-transfer-inhibitor-resistance 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#protease-inhibitor-resistance 2023-11-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#entry-inhibitor-resistance 2023-11-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#capsid-inhibitors 2023-11-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#general-approach-to-management-virologic-failure 2023-11-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/antiretroviral-therapy/evaluation-management-virologic-failure/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2023-11-26 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all 2026-03-17 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1354-3/tuberculosis-epidemiology-united-states.jpg Tuberculosis Epidemiology in the United States http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/631-8/tuberculosis-cases-among-persons-hivunited-states-1993-2023.jpg Tuberculosis Cases among Persons with HIV—United States, 1993-2023 This graphic shows the number of persons diagnosed with tuberculosis who had HIV coinfection. These data are from tuberculosis cases in which an HIV test result was reported. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/634-4/mantoux-tuberculin-skin-test.jpg Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test A. The standard Mantoux tuberculin skin test is performed by injecting 0.1 mL of 5 tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) units intradermally on the volar surface of the forearm.<br /> B.&nbsp;The transverse diameter of cutaneous induration (not erythema) should be measured 48 to 72 hours after placement of the PPD. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/660-7/interferon-gamma-release-assays-igras.jpg Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/663-2/quantiferon-tb-gold-plus-blood-draw-tubes.jpg QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus Blood Draw Tubes The QuantiFERON-TB Gold utilizes four tubes and 1 mL of blood is required for each tube: (1) the gray top Nil tube that serves as a negative control to adjust for background interferon gamma production; (2) the green top TB1 tube that primarily detects CD4 T-lymphocytes responses to mycobacterial antigens; (3) the yellow top TB2 tube that is optimized for detection of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte responses to mycobacterial antigens; and (4) the purple top Mitogen tube that functions as a positive control to confirm baseline immune status; a low response may indicate inability to generate interferon gamma. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/659-1/interpretation-t-spot-results.jpg Interpretation of T-SPOT Results Results are interpreted by subtracting the spot count in the negative (Nil) control from the spot count in Panels A and B. The test is considered positive if Panel A minus Nil and/or Panel B minus Nil is 8 or more spots. The test is considered negative if both Panel A minus Nil and Panel B minus Nil is less than or equal to 4 spots. The test is considered borderline (equivocal) if the highest of the Panel A or Panel B spot count is such that the (Panel minus Nil) spot count is 5, 6, or 7 spots. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all 2026-03-17 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all/#background 2026-03-23 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all/#rationale-indications-ltbi-screening 2026-03-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all/#methods-used-to-test-latent-tuberculosis 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all/#recommended-ltbi-testing-persons-hiv 2026-03-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all/#evaluation-persons-positive-ltbi-screening-test 2026-03-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all/#management-ltbi-persons-hiv 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all/#considerations-special-populations 2026-03-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/latent-tuberculosis/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all 2026-03-17 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/667-3/incidence-first-aids-defining-opportunistic-infection-hiv-outpatient-study-1994-2007.jpg Incidence of First AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Infection, HIV Outpatient Study, 1994-2007 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/658-4/emtoxoplasma-gondiiem-life-cycle-human-infection.jpg <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> Life Cycle and Human Infection Humans predominantly acquire <em>T</em>. <em>gondii</em> infection by either having contact with infected cat feces contaminated with <em>T</em>. <em>gondii</em> oocysts or by ingestion of <em>T</em>. <em>gondii</em> tissue cysts in undercooked red meat or shellfish. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/670-3/emmycobacterium-aviumem-complex-infection-risk-hiv-outpatient-study-1996-2007.jpg <em>Mycobacterium avium</em> Complex Infection Risk in the HIV Outpatient Study, 1996-2007 All patients had a CD4 count of less than 50 cells/mm³ at the time of enrollment and all were prescribed antiretroviral therapy.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/674-1/endemic-regions-histoplasmosis-united-states.jpg Endemic Regions for Histoplasmosis in United States http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/671-1/endemic-regions-coccidioidomycosis-united-states.jpg Endemic Regions for Coccidioidomycosis in United States This map is based on studies performed in the late 1940s and 1950s and also on locations of more recent outbreaks and cases. Coccidioides might also live in similar areas with hot, dry climates that are not shaded on the map. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all 2026-03-17 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all/#background-overview 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all/#empneumocystisem-pneumonia 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all/#emtoxoplasmaem-encephalitis 2024-11-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all/#disseminated-emmycobacterium-aviumem-complex 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all/#cryptococcal-meningitis 2026-03-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all/#cytomegalovirus 2024-09-20 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all/#histoplasmosis 2025-06-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all/#coccidioidomycosis 2024-11-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-prevention/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all 2026-03-19 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/693-3/empneumocystisem-pneumonia-chest-radiograph.jpg <em>Pneumocystis</em> Pneumonia: Chest Radiograph This chest radiograph scan shows extensive bilateral infiltrates in an adult with HIV and <em>Pneumocystis</em> pneumonia. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/675-3/symptoms-patients-acute-emtoxoplasmaem-encephalitis.jpg Symptoms of Patients with Acute <em>Toxoplasma</em> Encephalitis This graphic shows the frequency of symptoms present in 115 persons with HIV and <em>Toxoplasma</em> encephalitis seen at San Francisco General Hospital during the years 1981-1990. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/677-3/contrast-brain-computed-tomographic-ct-scan-person-hiv-emtoxoplasmaem-encephalitis.jpg Contrast Brain Computed Tomographic (CT) Scan in Person with HIV and <em>Toxoplasma</em> Encephalitis This contrast CT scan shows multiple ring-enhancing lesions with surrounding vasogenic edema. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/680-2/timing-neurologic-response-patients-emtoxoplasmaem-encephalitis.jpg Timing of Neurologic Response in Patients with <em>Toxoplasma</em> Encephalitis The timing of neurologic response in 35 adults with HIV and <em>Toxoplasma</em> encephalitis who improved with treatment is shown. A neurologic response was defined as improvement in at least half of the baseline neurologic abnormalities. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/684-3/common-clinical-manifestations-persons-hiv-mac-bacteremia.jpg Common Clinical Manifestations of Persons with HIV and MAC Bacteremia http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/679-3/clinical-manifestations-persons-hiv-cryptococcal-meningitis-time-diagnosis.jpg Clinical Manifestations of Persons with HIV and Cryptococcal Meningitis at the Time of Diagnosis Clinical manifestations of 65 adults with HIV from France at the time of diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. The mean CD4 count at the time of diagnosis was 46 cells/mm³. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/682-4/patient-outcomes-related-to-change-cerebrospinal-fluid-csf-opening-pressure-persons-hiv-cryptococcal-meningitis.jpg Patient Outcomes Related to Change in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Opening Pressure in Persons with HIV and Cryptococcal Meningitis The graph represents outcomes of 161 individuals with HIV and cryptococcal meningitis who had lumbar puncture with opening pressure measured prior to therapy and 2 weeks after treatment. Clinical failure was defined as persistent or worsening signs and symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis after 2 weeks of therapy; mycologic failure was defined as positive CSF culture after 2 weeks of therapy. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/703-3/normal-retina.jpg Normal Retina This image of a normal retina identifies important landmarks visible with a hand-held ophthalmoscope. The macula is in the center of the retina; it contains densely packed cones that specialize in visual acuity and color vision. The fovea is the central depression within the macula. The visible portion of the optic nerve is the optic nerve head or optic disc. Retinal veins and arteries are prominently seen extending from the optic nerve. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/685-2/retinal-anatomic-zones.jpg Retinal Anatomic Zones This illustration shows a schematic representation of an entire retina with superimposed anatomic zones (as defined by the UCLA CMV Retinopathy Study Group). Using a standard direct ophthalmologic examination, only a small portion of the retina is visualized (all of zone 1 and some of zone 2). Zone 1 comprises less than 10% of the entire retina. The medial region is also known as the nasal region and the lateral region is also referred to as the temporal region. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/702-3/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-person-hiv-progressive-multifocal-leukoencephalopathy.jpg Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Person with HIV and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy This T2-weighted MRI scan shows diffuse confluent lesions most prominent in the occipital lobes. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/687-3/chest-radiograph-person-hiv-disseminated-histoplasmosis.jpg Chest Radiograph of a Person with HIV and Disseminated Histoplasmosis This chest radiograph in a person with HIV and disseminated histoplasmosis shows subtle diffuse ground-glass pulmonary infiltrates. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/686-3/estimated-sensitivity-diagnostic-tests-disseminated-histoplasmosis-persons-hiv.jpg Estimated Sensitivity of Diagnostic Tests for Disseminated Histoplasmosis in Persons with HIV These data reflect the sensitivity of four different tests used to diagnose disseminated histoplasmosis in persons with HIV. These data include samples from blood, bone marrow, respiratory secretions, or localized skin lesions. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/700-3/disseminated-histoplasmosis-peripheral-blood-smear.jpg Disseminated Histoplasmosis and Peripheral Blood Smear This peripheral blood smear from a person with HIV shows a cluster of intracellular <em>Histoplasma capsulatum</em> organisms (white arrow). Blood cultures subsequently grew <em>Histoplasma capsulatum</em>. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/692-1/emcryptosporidiumem.jpg <em>Cryptosporidium</em> This illustration is showing <em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocysts with sporozoites. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/688-5/relationship-cd4-cell-count-cryptosporidiosis-disease-persons-hiv.jpg Relationship of CD4 Cell Count and Cryptosporidiosis Disease in Persons with HIV http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/690-1/modified-acid-fast-staining-stool-samples-showing-emcryptosporidiumem-oocysts.jpg Modified Acid-fast Staining of Stool Samples Showing <em>Cryptosporidium</em> Oocysts Thee black arrows point to multiple <em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocysts. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/696-1/correlation-clinical-manifestations-different-emmicrosporidiaem-species.jpg Correlation of Clinical Manifestations with Different <em>Microsporidia</em> Species http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/701-1/emcystoisospora-belliem-oocyst-granular-mass.jpg <em>Cystoisospora belli</em> Oocyst with Granular Mass Modified acid-fast smear of stool sample showing <em>Cystoisospora belli</em> oocyst with internal granular mass (zygote). https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all 2026-03-19 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#background 2026-03-18 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#empneumocystisem-pneumonia 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#emtoxoplasma-gondiiem-encephalitis 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#disseminated-emmycobacterium-aviumem-complex-disease 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#cryptococcosis 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#cytomegalovirus-disease 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#progressive-multifocal-leukoencephalopathy 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#esophageal-candidiasis 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#histoplasmosis 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#coccidiomycosis 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#cryptosporidiosis 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#cystoisosporiasis-formerly-isosporiasis 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/opportunistic-infections-treatment/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all 2026-03-11 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/962-4/gonorrhearates-reported-cases-age-group-united-states-2023.jpg Gonorrhea–Rates of Reported Cases by Age Group, United States, 2023 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/961-6/chlamydiarates-reported-cases-sex-age-group-united-states-2023.jpg Chlamydia—Rates of Reported Cases by Sex and Age Group, United States, 2023 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/963-4/syphilis-cases-all-stages-infection-united-states-2000-2023.jpg Syphilis Cases, All Stages of Infection, United States, 2000-2023 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/714-1/diffuse-erythematous-maculopapular-lesions-man-hiv-secondary-syphilis.jpg Diffuse Erythematous Maculopapular Lesions in Man with HIV and Secondary Syphilis http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/711-3/reverse-sequence-algorithm.jpg Reverse Sequence Algorithm The reverse serologic screening algorithm uses an initial treponemal test for screening, followed by a nontreponemal test confirmation. A specimen with reactive EIA/CIA results should be tested reflexively with a quantitative nontreponemal test (RPR or VDRL). Abbreviations: EIA = enzyme immunoassay; CIA = chemiluminescence immunoassays; RPR = rapid plasma reagin; VDRL = Venereal Disease Research Laboratory; TP-PA = <em>Treponema pallidum</em> particle agglutination. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1389-1/multiple-ulcerated-lesions-on-penis-cause-herpes-simplex-infection.jpg Multiple Ulcerated Lesions on Penis Cause by Herpes Simplex Infection http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/718-1/acyclovir-resistant--hsv-lesion-gluteal-fold.jpg Acyclovir-Resistant HSV Lesion in Gluteal Fold This man with advanced HIV developed a slowly expanding ulcerating lesion in the upper region of the gluteal cleft. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/716-1/multiple-warts-on-shaft-penis-man-hiv.jpg Multiple Warts on Shaft of Penis in Man with HIV https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all 2026-03-11 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all/#overview 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all/#gonococcal-infections 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all/#chlamydial-infections 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all/#syphilis 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all/#genital-herpes 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all/#human-papillomavirus-anogenital-warts 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all/#trichomoniasis 2026-03-11 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all/#additional-topics 2026-03-11 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-11 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all 2026-03-25 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/638-3/prevalence-chronic-hepatitis-b-persons-hivhiv-outpatient-study-1996-2007.jpg Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis B in Persons with HIV—HIV Outpatient Study, 1996-2007 These data are from the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS), 1996-2007 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/891-3/liver-related-mortality-based-on-hbv-hcv-coinfection-status-20042012.jpg Liver-Related Mortality Based on HBV and HCV Coinfection Status, 2004–2012 These data are from 25 ,486 individuals with HIV enrolled in the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC) study during the years 2004-2012. Coinfection with HBV and/or HCV increased liver-related mortality.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/966-2/approach-to-isolated-anti-hbc-persons-hiv.jpg Approach to Isolated Anti-HBc in Persons with HIV *The full vaccine series options include the 2-dose series using standard-dose Heplisav-B or the 3-dose series with double-dose vaccine using <em>Engerix-B</em> or <em>Recombivax HB</em>. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/649-2/antiviral-agents-activity-against-hbv-hiv.jpg Antiviral Agents with Activity Against HBV and HIV Note: in this table tenofovir includes tenofovir DF and tenofovir alafenamide. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/644-2/hbv-therapy-primary-virologic-nonresponse.jpg HBV Therapy: Primary Virologic Nonresponse This graphic shows a less than 1 log₁₀ IU/mL decline in HBV DNA levels 12 weeks after starting therapy http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/645-2/hbv-therapy-partial-virologic-response.jpg HBV Therapy: Partial Virologic Response This graphic shows a greater than or equal to 1 log₁₀ IU/mL decline in HBV DNA levels at 24 weeks, but HBV DNA remains detectable http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/646-2/hbv-therapy-complete-virologic-response.jpg HBV Therapy: Complete Virologic Response This graphic shows undetectable HBV DNA levels at 24 to 48 weeks using a real-time HBV DNA assay. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/647-2/hbv-therapy-maintained-virologic-response.jpg HBV Therapy: Maintained Virologic Response This graphic shows a virologic response that continues while the patient is maintained on therapy for HBV. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/648-2/hbv-therapy-sustained-virologic-response.jpg HBV Therapy: Sustained Virologic Response In this example, HBV therapy is given for 120 weeks and the HBV DNA is maintained at undetectable levels for weeks 24 to 120. The HBV DNA levels remain undetectable for 48 weeks after discontinuing therapy. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1229-2/definitions-hepatitis-b-virologic-responses-to-treatment.jpg Definitions for Hepatitis B Virologic Responses to Treatment http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/650-3/liver-enzyme-elevation-after-lamivudine-discontinuation-persons-hiv-hbv-coinfection.jpg Liver Enzyme Elevation after Lamivudine Discontinuation in Persons with HIV-HBV Coinfection This graph shows liver enzyme elevation after lamivudine discontinuation in persons with HIV-HBV coinfection who were enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort study. The graph shows the hepatotoxicity by grade severity (I-IV). https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all 2026-03-25 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#background 2026-03-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#screening-hbv-persons-hiv 2026-03-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#initial-evaluation-hbv-hiv-coinfection 2026-04-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#treatment-hbv-people-hiv-coinfection 2026-03-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#monitoring-hbv-treatment-response 2026-03-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#stopping-hbv-treatment-hepatic-flares 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#hbv-related-immune-reconstitution-syndrome-hbv-iris 2026-03-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#hepatitis-d-virus 2026-03-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#preventing-hbv-perinatal-transmission 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#surveillance-hepatocellular-carcinoma 2026-04-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#managing-advanced-liver-disease 2026-03-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepb-coinfection/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-24 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all 2026-03-09 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1386-4/hepatitis-c-virus-cross-section.jpg Hepatitis C Virus: Cross-Section This cross-sectional view of the HCV particle shows all of the viral elements: the envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2 heterodimers), a lipid membrane, the nucleocapsid, and the single-stranded RNA genome. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/652-6/estimated-number-new-annual-hcv-infectionsunited-states-2013-through-2023.jpg Estimated Number of New Annual HCV Infections—United States, 2013 through 2023 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/654-5/risk-factors-liver-related-deaths-persons-hiv-infection.jpg Risk Factors for Liver-Related Deaths in Persons with HIV Infection http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1387-1/natural-history-untreated-hepatitis-c-monoinfection.jpg Natural History of Untreated Hepatitis C Monoinfection http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/653-2/progression-to-cirrhosis-persons-hiv-hcv-coinfection-hcv-monoinfection.jpg Progression to Cirrhosis in Persons with HIV and HCV Coinfection and HCV Monoinfection This graph shows a retrospective analysis of 160 persons with HCV and the impact of HIV on the progression of HCV-related cirrhosis. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/655-2/hcv-testing-2-step-algorithm-to-identify-current-hcv-infection.jpg HCV Testing 2-Step Algorithm to Identify Current HCV Infection* *For persons exposed to HCV within the past 6 months, testing for HCV RNA or follow-up testing for HCV antibody is recommended. For immunocompromised persons, testing for HCV RNA can be considered.<br /> ^&para;To differentiate past, resolved HCV infection from biologic false positivity for HCV antibody, consider testing with another HCV antibody assay. Repeat HCV RNA testing if the person had HCV exposure within the past 6 months or has clinical evidence of HCV disease. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/938-3/svr12-after-treatment-duration-8-weeks.jpg SVR12 after a Treatment Duration of 8 Weeks This example shows virologic response to an 8-week HCV treatment course. As shown, an SVR12 is defined as an undetectable HCV RNA level 12 weeks after stopping HCV therapy.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/939-2/virologic-monitoring-8-week-hcv-treatment-course.jpg Virologic Monitoring with 8-Week HCV Treatment Course With this 8-week hepatitis C treatment course, the recommended virologic monitoring consists of baseline and 12-week posttreatment HCV RNA levels as shown in red dash circles. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all 2026-03-09 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#background 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#hcv-epidemiology 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#natural-history 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#screening-diagnosis 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#evaluation-persons-diagnosed-hcv-coinfection 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#treatment-hiv-persons-hcv-coinfection 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#treatment-hcv-persons-hiv-coinfection 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#monitoring-management-chronic-liver-disease 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#special-considerations-during-pregnancy 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/hepc-coinfection/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2026-03-09 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all 2025-07-17 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/617-5/perinatal-hiv-infections-united-states-2016-2020.jpg Perinatal HIV Infections in the United States, 2016-2020 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/618-3/pediatric-aids-clinical-trials-group-protocol-076.jpg Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/620-4/timing-abbreviated-regimens-zidovudine-risk-perinatal-hiv-transmission.jpg Timing of Abbreviated Regimens of Zidovudine and Risk of Perinatal HIV Transmission http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/621-3/antenatal-antiretroviral-therapy-impact-on-perinatal-hiv-transmission.jpg Antenatal Antiretroviral Therapy and Impact on Perinatal HIV Transmission http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/720-4/perinatal-hiv-1-transmission-rates-according-to-hiv-rna-level-delivery-anrs-french-perinatal-cohort-19972004.jpg Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission Rates According to HIV RNA Level at Delivery: The ANRS French Perinatal Cohort (1997–2004) In the ANRS French Perinatal Cohort study, investigators evaluated the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission in 5,271 mothers who received antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy. This graph shows the HIV transmission rate based on the HIV RNA level of the mother at delivery and the time of gestation when the baby was born. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/721-7/recommended-virologic-testing-schedules-infants-exposed-to-hiv-perinatal-hiv-transmission-risk.jpg Recommended Virologic Testing Schedules for Infants Exposed to HIV by Perinatal HIV Transmission Risk <p>Abbreviations: NAT = nucleic acid test<br /> *High-risk=infants with mothers who had viremia (HIV RNA &ge;50 copies/mL) in the 4 weeks prior to delivery, early (acute or recent) HIV during pregnancy, or HIV diagnosed in labor or postpartum.<br /> ^&dagger;Low Risk= infants with mothers who had sustained viral suppression (HIV RNA<50 copies/mL from 20 weeks of gestation through delivery.<br /> ^&Dagger;Not necessary for infants at low risk of HIV acquisition unless there are concerns that the newborn could be lost to follow-up without further testing.</p> https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all 2025-07-17 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all/#overview 2025-11-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all/#hiv-testing-during-pregnancy 2025-07-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all/#antepartum-management 2025-11-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all/#intrapartum-management 2025-07-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all/#acute-hiv-pregnancy-postpartum-period 2025-07-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all/#management-infant-emin-uteroem-andor-intrapartum-exposure-to-hiv 2025-07-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all/#postpartum-follow-up-women-hiv 2025-07-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preventing-perinatal-transmission/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2025-07-10 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/928-3/estimated-hiv-incidence-united-states-2017-2021.jpg Estimated HIV Incidence in United States, 2017-2021 Note: Data for the year 2020 should be interpreted with caution due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to HIV testing, care-related services, and case surveillance activities in state/local jurisdictions.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/580-4/adjusted-rate-ratio-heterosexual-transmission-hiv-1-according-to-serum-hiv-1-rna-level-hiv-1-positive-partner.jpg Adjusted Rate Ratio of Heterosexual Transmission of HIV-1 According to Serum HIV-1 RNA Level of the HIV-1 Positive Partner This graphic illustrates the correlation of risk of HIV transmission and serum HIV-1 levels in the person infected with HIV. No HIV transmissions occurred from persons with HIV who had serum HIV RNA-1 levels less than 1,500 copies/mL. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/581-2/hptn-052-patient-population.jpg HPTN 052 Patient Population The HPTN 052 trial enrolled 1,763 HIV serodifferent couples and 97% of the couples were heterosexual. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/579-3/transmission-hiv-awareness-hiv-status.jpg Transmission of HIV and Awareness of HIV Status This graph shows the estimated percentage of HIV transmissions based on awareness of HIV diagnosis. These estimates were based on the 2016 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Progression and Transmission of HIV (PATH 2.0) model. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/584-4/risk-heterosexual-male-hiv-acquisition-based-on-circumcision-status-males-living-africa.jpg Risk of Heterosexual Male HIV Acquisition Based on Circumcision Status of Males Living in Africa Abbreviation: RR = relative risk<br /> These three studies conducted in Africa addressed the risk of heterosexual HIV acquisition in men based on their circumcision status. As shown, the risk of HIV acquisition was significantly lower in men who were circumcised when compared with those who were uncircumcised. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/892-4/relative-risk-hiv-transmission-along-hiv-care-continuum.jpg Relative Risk of HIV Transmission Along the HIV Care Continuum This graph shows the estimated transmission rate based on transmissions per 100,000 person-years. These estimates were based on the 2016 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Progression and Transmission of HIV (PATH 2.0) model. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/586-5/risk-heterosexual-female-hiv-acquisition-based-on-circumcision-status-male-sex-partner.jpg Risk of Heterosexual Female HIV Acquisition Based on Circumcision Status of Male Sex Partner In this study, investigators in Rakai, Uganda enrolled 922 uncircumcised males with HIV infection who were randomized to undergo immediate circumcision (intervention group) or have circumcision delayed for 24 months (control group). The trial was stopped early because of futility and there was no reduction in risk of female HIV acquisition from their male partners who had been circumcised. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all/#introduction-background 2023-12-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all/#antiretroviral-treatment-as-prevention 2023-12-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all/#knowledge-hiv-status 2023-12-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all/#behavioral-prevention-interventions-persons-hiv 2023-12-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all/#importance-diagnosing-treating-acute-hiv-infection 2023-12-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all/#screening-treatment-sexually-transmitted-infections 2023-12-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all/#circumcision 2023-12-19 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all/#prevention-strategies-persons-substance-use 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/prevention-positives/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2023-12-17 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all 2025-12-01 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/595-4/timeline-occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis-recommendations-united-states.jpg Timeline for Occupational Postexposure Prophylaxis Recommendations in the United States Abbreviations: CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; PEP = postexposure prophylaxis; INSTI= integrase strand transfer inhibitor http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/587-3/confirmed-cases-occupationally-acquired-hiv-united-states-1985-2013.jpg Confirmed Cases of Occupationally Acquired HIV in the United States, 1985-2013 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/590-5/timing-hiv-rna-hiv-antibodies-following-hiv-acquisition.jpg Timing of HIV RNA and HIV Antibodies following HIV Acquisition Colored circles indicate the typical time for first detection of a positive test after acquisition of HIV.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/593-5/tenofovir-pep-after-siv-1-inoculation-macaques.jpg Tenofovir PEP After SIV-1 Inoculation of Macaques Abbreviations: SIV = simian immunodeficiency virus; PEP = postexposure prophylaxis; TFV = tenofovir<br /> In this study, investigators inoculated 24 macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and then instituted various postexposure prophylaxis regimens with tenofovir (PMPA), which is (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all 2025-12-01 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#introduction 2025-12-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#rationale-hiv-occupational-pep 2025-12-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#risk-assessment-occupational-exposure-event 2025-11-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#recommended-initial-steps-following-an-exposure-event 2025-11-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#recommended-antiretroviral-regimens-occupational-hiv-pep 2025-12-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#obtaining-expert-consultation-occupational-hiv-pep 2025-12-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#baseline-evaluation-health-care-personnel-source-patient 2025-12-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#follow-up-health-care-worker-after-exposure-event 2025-11-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/occupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2025-12-01 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all 2025-06-24 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/599-3/study-protocol.jpg Study Protocol Abbreviations: SIV = simian immunodeficiency virus; PEP = postexposure prophylaxis; TFV = tenofovir<br /> In this study, investigators inoculated 24 macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and then instituted various postexposure prophylaxis regimens with tenofovir (PMPA), which is (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) adenine. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/598-8/algorithm-hiv-nonoccupational-pep-use-after-possible-sexual-exposure-to-hiv.jpg Algorithm for HIV Nonoccupational PEP Use after Possible Sexual Exposure to HIV Abbreviations: PrEP = preexposure prophylaxis; nPEP= nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1377-3/algorithm-hiv-nonoccupational-pep-use-after-possible-injection-drug-use-exposure-to-hiv.jpg Algorithm for HIV Nonoccupational PEP Use after Possible Injection Drug Use Exposure to HIV Abbreviation: nPEP = nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1378-3/algorithm-hiv-nonoccupational-pep-use-after-other-possible-injection-drug-setting-infective-fluid-splash-or-exposure-needle-injury-or-.jpg Algorithm for HIV Nonoccupational PEP Use after Other Possible Injection Drug in the Setting of Infective Fluid Splash or Exposure, Needle Injury, or Abbreviation: nPEP= nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all 2025-06-24 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#introduction-background 2025-11-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#rationale-providing-hiv-nonoccupational-pep 2025-11-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#evaluation-hiv-nonoccupational-pep 2025-06-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#indications-initiating-hiv-nonoccupational-pep 2025-11-30 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#recommended-regimens-hiv-nonoccupational-pep 2025-06-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#expert-consultation-hiv-nonoccupational-pep 2025-11-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#baseline-follow-up-laboratory-testing 2025-06-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#hiv-nonoccupational-pep-after-sexual-assault 2025-06-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#initial-medication-prescription-follow-up-after-evaluation 2025-06-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#transitioning-hiv-nonoccupational-pep-to-hiv-prep 2025-06-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#nonoccupational-pep-infectious-pathogens-other-than-hiv 2025-06-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/nonoccupational-postexposure-prophylaxis/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2025-06-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all 2025-07-22 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/904-5/estimated-hiv-incidence-united-states-2018-2022.jpg Estimated HIV Incidence in United States, 2018-2022 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/603-7/daily-oral-hiv-prep.jpg Daily Oral HIV PrEP http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/905-2/hiv-prep-coverage-united-states-2017-2022.jpg HIV PrEP Coverage, United States, 2017-2022 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/614-4/estimates-prep-efficacy-adjusted-adherence.jpg Estimates of PrEP Efficacy Adjusted for Adherence In several of the key PrEP studies, efficacy is adjusted upward significantly when analyzing the data for persons with assumed adherence based on detectable antiretroviral drug levels. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all 2025-07-22 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#introduction 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#persons-to-consider-hiv-prep 2025-07-21 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#recommended-regimens-dosing-hiv-prep 2025-09-04 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#baseline-laboratory-evaluation-immunizations-counseling 2025-12-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#major-hiv-prep-studies 2025-08-07 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#time-to-achieve-protection-after-initiating-hiv-prep 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#impact-adherence-on-efficacy-hiv-prep 2025-08-07 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#laboratory-monitoring-on-hiv-prep 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#acquisition-hiv-setting-hiv-prep 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#hiv-prep-development-hiv-drug-resistance 2025-08-07 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#adverse-effects-medications-used-hiv-prep 2025-08-07 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#changes-sexual-practices-among-persons-receiving-hiv-prep 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#discontinuing-hiv-prep 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#transitioning-nonoccupational-hiv-pep-to-hiv-prep 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#hiv-prep-uptake 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#future-hiv-prep-medications 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/prevention/preexposure-prophylaxis-prep/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2025-07-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all 2026-02-05 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/774-7/annual-number-perinatally-acquired-hiv-infections-united-states-19782022.jpg Annual Number of Perinatally-Acquired HIV Infections, United States, 1978–2022 During the years 1978-1993, the estimates were generated through a back calculation method. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/778-7/persons-living-diagnosed-hiv-age-year-end-2022.jpg Persons Living with Diagnosed HIV. by Age, Year End 2022 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/773-6/recommended-virologic-testing-schedules-infants-exposed-to-hiv-perinatal-hiv-transmission-risk.jpg Recommended Virologic Testing Schedules for Infants Exposed to HIV by Perinatal HIV Transmission Risk Abbreviation: NAT = nucleic acid test (e.g., HIV RNA or HIV DNA PCR) https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all 2026-02-05 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all/#introduction 2026-02-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all/#epidemiology-hiv-children-younger-than-age-13 2026-02-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all/#staging-pediatric-hiv-disease 2026-02-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all/#diagnosis-hiv-infants-children 2026-02-04 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all/#clinical-laboratory-monitoring 2026-02-04 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all/#antiretroviral-treatment-children-hiv 2026-02-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all/#immunizations-children-hiv 2026-02-04 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all/#opportunistic-infection-prophylaxis-children-hiv 2026-02-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-infants-children-hiv/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2024-08-06 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/760-5/persons-living-diagnosed-hiv-age-group-united-states-year-end-2021.jpg Persons Living with Diagnosed HIV, by Age Group, United States, Year-End 2021 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/761-4/new-hiv-diagnoses-united-states-age-group-time-diagnosis-united-states-2021.jpg New HIV Diagnoses in United States by Age Group at Time of Diagnosis, United States, 2021 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1193-1/males-diagnosed-hiv-united-states-2021.jpg Males with Diagnosed HIV, United States, 2021 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/770-4/new-hiv-diagnoses-adolescents-young-adults-raceethnicity-united-states-2020.jpg New HIV Diagnoses in Adolescents and Young Adults, by Race/Ethnicity, United States, 2020 This graphic shows the estimated number of adolescents and young adults living with newly diagnosed HIV infection in the United States in 2020, based on race/ethnicity. Note the number of Black youth newly diagnosed with HIV outnumbers White youths by more than 3-fold. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/767-4/proportion-persons-hiv-unaware-hiv-status-age-group-united-states-2021.jpg Proportion of Persons with HIV Unaware of HIV Status, by Age Group, United States, 2021 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/765-2/youth-risk-behavior-survey-yrbshiv-test-settings-young-adults.jpg Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)�HIV Test Settings for Young Adults This graphic shows the test setting for young adults ever tested for HIV. If more than one HIV test was obtained, the setting where the last testing occurred was used. The data was obtained from the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/810-3/hiv-continuum-care-age-group-united-states-2021.jpg HIV Continuum of Care, by Age Group, United States, 2021 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/925-3/tenofovir-diphosphate-levels-during-48-weeks-prep-atn-113-study.jpg Tenofovir diphosphate Levels During 48 Weeks of PrEP in ATN 113 Study http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/924-2/sexually-transmitted-infections-youth-impaact-p1074.jpg Sexually Transmitted Infections in Youth in IMPAACT P1074 The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1074 observational cohort study followed 1,042 adolescents and young adults ages 13-24 years and determined rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and compared these rates based on mode of HIV acquisition. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/772-4/sexual-activity-among-youth-hiv-aged-12-26-years-atn-sites-2009-2012.jpg Sexual Activity Among Youth with HIV Aged 12-26 Years in ATN Sites, 2009-2012 Abbreviations: ATN = Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#introduction 2024-02-13 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#epidemiology-hiv-adolescents-young-adults 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#testing-linkage-to-care-retention-care 2025-02-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#clinical-laboratory-monitoring 2024-02-13 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#antiretroviral-therapy-adolescents-hiv 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#adherence-antiretroviral-therapy 2025-02-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#hiv-preexposure-prophylaxis-prep-adolescents 2025-02-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#immunizations-adolescents-hiv 2025-02-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#adolescent-sexuality-reproductive-health 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#special-considerations-youth-perinatal-hiv 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#transitioning-to-adult-care 2025-02-25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/pediatric-adolescents-young-adults-hiv/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2024-02-13 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all 2025-07-05 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/834-5/transmission-categories-females-living-hiv-united-states-2021.jpg Transmission Categories for Females* Living with HIV in United States, 2021 *Estimate for females &ge;13 years of age living with diagnosed or undiagnosed HIV<br /> Other = perinatal acquisition, hemophilia, blood transfusion, and risk factor not reported or identified http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/836-6/transmission-categories-women-new-hiv-infections-united-states-2021.jpg Transmission Categories for Women* with New HIV Infections in United States, 2021 *Estimate for females 13 years of age or older http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/840-3/treatment-trichomoniasis-women-hiv.jpg Treatment of Trichomoniasis in Women with HIV https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all 2025-07-05 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#background 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#hiv-epidemiology-women 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#antiretroviral-therapy-women 2025-07-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#contraception-women-hiv 2025-07-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#contraception-considerations-women-risk-hiv 2025-07-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#serodifferent-couples-desiring-pregnancy 2025-07-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#vaginitis-women-hiv 2025-07-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#intimate-partner-violence-women-hiv 2025-07-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#menopause-women-hiv 2025-07-05 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/women-hiv/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1187-1/life-expectancy-persons-hiv.jpg Life Expectancy of Persons with HIV This illustration shows that young individuals with HIV can have a nearly normal life expectancy if they take current antiretroviral medications.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/747-5/model-accelerated-aging.jpg Model of Accelerated Aging This conceptual graphic illustrates accelerated HIV aging, in which age-associated comorbidities occur at an earlier age in persons with HIV than in the general population, but these comorbidities occur at roughly the same frequency (or rate) in persons with HIV and in the general population. Typical age-associated comorbidities include cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, liver disease, frailty, and neurocognitive impairment. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/741-5/persons-diagnosed-hiv-united-states-age-group-year-end-2021.jpg Persons with Diagnosed HIV in the United States, by Age Group, Year-End 2021 At year-end 2021, more than 50% of persons living with diagnosed HIV in the United States were at least 50 years of age. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/743-5/new-diagnoses-hiv-united-statesby-age-group-time-diagnosis-2021.jpg New Diagnoses of HIV in the United States�by Age Group at Time of Diagnosis, 2021 In 2021 persons 50 years of age and older comprised 16.3% of new HIV diagnoses in the United States. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/751-4/percentage-persons-stage-3-aids-time-hiv-diagnosis-age-group-2021.jpg Percentage of Persons with Stage 3 (AIDS) at the Time of HIV Diagnosis, by Age Group, 2021 This graph shows that the likelihood of having stage 3 HIV at the time of HIV diagnosis increases with age.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/750-4/persons-undiagnosed-hiv-age-group-united-states-2021.jpg Persons with Undiagnosed HIV, by Age Group, United States, 2021 This graphic shows percentage of people in the United States who have undiagnosed HIV.&nbsp; In general, the percentage of persons with undiagnosed HIV decreases with age. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/752-5/persons-diagnosed-or-undiagnosed-hiv-hiv-care-continuum-outcomes-age-united-states-2021.jpg Persons with Diagnosed or Undiagnosed HIV in HIV Care Continuum Outcomes, by Age, United States, 2021 In the HIV Care Continuum, persons in the older age groups (45 and older) had the highest levels of HIV RNA suppression. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/786-2/risk-acute-myocardial-infarction-based-on-hiv-status-age.jpg Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction Based on HIV Status and Age This graph is based on data from 82,459 participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (Virtual Cohort) from April 1, 2003 through December 31, 2009. Persons with HIV clearly had a higher risk of developing acute myocardial infarction and this risk was seen across multiple decades of age. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/745-5/deaths-persons-diagnosed-hiv-age-group-united-statesyear-end-2021.jpg Deaths in Persons with Diagnosed HIV, by Age Group, United States,�Year-End 2021 Notably, 73.3% of the deaths that occurred in 2021 among persons diagnosed with HIV in the United States involved persons 50 years of age and older. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all/#background 2024-02-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all/#accelerated-versus-accentuated-aging 2024-02-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all/#epidemiology-hiv-older-persons 2024-02-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all/#screening-detection-hiv-older-adults 2024-02-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all/#antiretroviral-therapy-older-patient-hiv 2024-02-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all/#common-comorbid-conditions-older-persons-hiv 2024-02-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all/#life-expectancy-age-death-advanced-care-planning 2024-02-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-older-patients/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2024-02-14 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/758-5/persons-incarcerated-prisons-or-jails-over-time.jpg Persons Incarcerated in Prisons or Jails Over Time On any given day in the United States, there are significantly more individuals incarcerated in prisons than in jails, but many more persons move through jails over time than in prisons. The higher total annual volume in a jail is due to much higher admission and release rates than in prisons, where persons typically have long sentences. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/722-4/global-prison-population-totals-country-2021.jpg Global Prison Population Totals, by Country, 2021 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/723-5/estimated-number-incarcerated-adults-united-states-1980-through-2021.jpg Estimated Number of Incarcerated Adults, United States, 1980 through 2021 The numbers for each year represent a sample taken at one point in time. Persons who are incarcerated represent persons in prison (federal prison or state) and in local jails.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/730-5/persons-hiv-and-hiv-rate-per-100000-state-federal-prisons-combined-19912021.jpg Persons with HIV (and HIV Rate) per 100,000 in State and Federal Prisons Combined, 1991–2021 The numbers for each year represent a sample taken at one point in time and represent persons with diagnosed HIV. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/733-3/hiv-testing-practices-during-prison-intake-process-2011-2015-2021.jpg HIV Testing Practices During the Prison Intake Process, 2011, 2015, and 2021 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/735-4/cdc-funded-hiv-testing-correctional-facilities-percentage-hiv-positive-united-states-2009-2013.jpg CDC-Funded HIV Testing in Correctional Facilities and Percentage HIV Positive, United States, 2009-2013 These data are from correctional facilities in 59 CDC-funded health department jurisdictions. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/737-3/the-hiv-care-cascade-before-during-after-incarceration.jpg The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration This graphic represents systematic review and data synthesis compiled up to January 13, 2015. For this analysis, undetectable HIV RNA was defined as HIV RNA level of less than 500 copies/mL. http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/732-2/number-aids-related-deaths-among-persons-state-prisons-19912019.jpg Number of AIDS-Related Deaths Among Persons in State Prisons, 1991–2019 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/754-3/estimated-number-persons-supervised-united-states-adult-correctional-systems-correctional-status-2021.jpg Estimated Number of Persons Supervised by United States Adult Correctional Systems, by Correctional Status, 2021 *The total number for community supervision is adjusted to exclude persons on parole who were also on probation. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#overview-united-states-correctional-system 2024-02-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#epidemiology-prevention-hiv-correctional-setting 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#hiv-testing-correctional-setting 2024-02-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#hiv-medical-care-correctional-settings 2023-11-02 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#antiretroviral-therapy-correctional-setting 2024-02-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#hiv-care-cascade-outcomes-correctional-setting 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#maintaining-confidentiality-correctional-setting 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#chronic-medical-conditions-among-persons-hiv-who-are-incarcerated 2025-02-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#transition-correctional-setting-to-community 2024-09-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#community-corrections 2024-09-29 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2024-02-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2 2026-04-03 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1203-2/characteristics-persons-diagnosed-hiv-2-united-states-20102017.jpg Characteristics of Persons Diagnosed with HIV-2, United States 2010–2017 http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/1204-2/median-time-to-aids-death-persons-hiv-1-or-hiv-2-west-africa.jpg Median Time to AIDS and Death in Persons with HIV-1 or HIV-2 in West Africa This graphic shows follow-up of 225 persons with HIV-1 and 87 with HIV-2. Median time to development of AIDS was slower in persons with HIV-2 but median survival was brief after AIDS in both groups.&nbsp; http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/782-3/2018-cdc-ahpl-recommended-laboratory-hiv-testing-algorithm-serum-or-plasma-specimens.jpg 2018 CDC AHPL Recommended Laboratory HIV Testing Algorithm for Serum or Plasma Specimens Abbreviation: APHL = Association of Public Health Laboratories http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/781-3/geenius-hiv-1hiv-2-supplemental-assay.jpg Geenius HIV-1/HIV-2 Supplemental Assay The Geenius HIV-1/HIV-2 Supplemental Assay is a single-use immunochromatographic test that utilizes multiple recombinant or synthetic peptides to detect HIV-1 and HIV-2. Note the HIV-2 antibodies detected include gp36 and gp140 (marked by yellow color). http://cdn.hiv.uw.edu/doc/780-6/hiv-1-hiv-2-gene-products-proteins-glycoproteins.jpg HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gene Products, Proteins, and Glycoproteins Note the differences between some of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteins; this difference explains why HIV-1 Western blot tests fail to detect HIV-2 infection or give an indeterminate result. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all 2025-02-03 0.25 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all/#background 2024-02-15 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all/#hiv-2-epidemiology 2024-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all/#pathogenesis-transmission-natural-history-hiv-2 2024-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all/#2014-surveillance-case-definition-hiv-2-infection 2024-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all/#diagnostic-testing-hiv-2 2024-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all/#antiretroviral-susceptibility-resistance 2024-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all/#hiv-2-treatment-studies 2024-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all/#hiv-2-treatment-recommendations 2025-05-22 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-2/core-concept/all/#summary-points 2024-02-16 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/mini-lectures/lecture/co-infections/histoplasmosis:-prophylaxis-treatment-in-people-with-hiv 2025-07-28 https://www.hiv.uw.edu/podcast/episode/literature-review/the-bee-hive-study-major-findings-two-publications 2025-08-25